Evaluation of coating materials on the characterization of size and viability of virus-laden particles collected with an Andersen cascade impactor

Abstract

Airborne pathogens are typically associated with particles, and the transport behavior of these particles is largely driven by their size. To better understand airborne transmission of viral diseases and develop effective control measures, proper size characterization of virus-laden particles is essential. The Andersen cascade impactor (ACI) is an 8-stage air sampler that separates aerosol particles into 9 aerodynamic size fractions. During sampling with an ACI under certain conditions, particles may bounce upon impact with the collection plates of the ACI, leading to eventual deposition on a stage further downstream than their target stage. Coating collection plates with adhesive materials may help decrease particle bounce; however, it may also affect the viability of collected pathogens. In this study, we evaluated different materials for their ability to minimize particle bounce while conserving virus viability during the collection of viral aerosol particles with an ACI. We evaluated nine materials - Tween® 80, silicone oil, Span® 85, Brij® 35, glycerol, mineral oil, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, and virus growth media - on their effect to inactivate H1N1 influenza virus and bovine coronavirus, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. Plates coated with gelatin, silicone oil, and mineral oil resulted in the least reduction of viability for both viruses. These materials were then used to sample viral aerosol particles in a wind tunnel. Results of physical particle collection, viral load and viral viability from the various ACI stages revealed no significant differences in aerodynamic size distribution between coated and uncoated plates, and the size distribution was similar to that reported by an optical particle sizer. Overall, our results did not support the need to coat ACI collection plates when characterizing viral aerosol particles under the conditions of this study. However, we did identify potential coating materials which could conserve virus viability maximally, if particle bounce is of concern.