Abstract
Background: Phenol and nitrophenol are common compounds found in different types of industrial wastewater known as serious threats to human health and natural environment. In this study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effectiveness of "baffle fixes film up flow sludge blanket filtration" (BFUSBF) system in elimination of phenolic compounds from water. Methods: D. magna cultures were used as toxicity index of phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures after treatment by a pilot BFUSBF system which consisted of baffle in anoxic section and biofilm in aerobic sections. Initial concentrations were 312 mg/L phenol and 288 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Results: Bioassay tests showed that D. magna was influenced by the toxicity of phenol and 2,4 DNP mixtures. The comparison between the toxicity of initial phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures and the output toxic unit (TU) derived from BFUSBF treatment system showed that the TU of the effluent from BFUSBF reactor was much lower than that of the solution that entered the reactor. Conclusion: Based on the acute toxicity test, BFUSBF process could reduce phenol and 2,4-DNP in aqueous solutions. Therefore, it is possible to use BFUSBF process as an appropriate treatment option for wastewaters containing phenolic compounds.
Highlights
Today, phenol and nitrophenol compounds are broadly used in different industries such as casting resins, detergents, explosives, petrochemicals, oils, pesticides, plastics, drugs and raw material manufacturing companies [1]
Due to the apparent toxicity of phenol and its derivatives, influencing aquatic organisms, a bioassay was conducted to determine the ecological effects of effluents discharging from Baffle Fixes film up flow sludge blanket filtration (BFUSBF) treatment systems [9]
To determine the toxicity of phenol and 2,4-DNP produced by Merck & Co, we primarily provided a concentrated stock solution with 312 mg/L phenol, and 288 mg/L 2,4
Summary
Phenol and nitrophenol compounds are broadly used in different industries such as casting resins, detergents, explosives, petrochemicals, oils, pesticides, plastics, drugs and raw material manufacturing companies [1]. These compounds can be found in wastewaters and diverse ecosystems regarding their relative constancy in the environment [2]. Identifying the type and degree of treatment needed to appropriately control water pollution as well as determining the effects of effluents and other toxic compounds on aquatics creatures [4, 6, 7]. Daphnia which is a genus of small, planktonic crustaceans and a member of the order Cladocera, was used as biological indicator to evaluate phenol and 2, 4dinitrophenol toxicity, lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and toxic unit (TU)
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