Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the phytochemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extract and used it as an auxiliary herbal constituent in natural hair shampoo.
 Methods: VA leaf was macerated in various solvents. All crude extracts were phytochemical compounds screened and determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities before formulating a natural shampoo formula. Natural shampoos were evaluated with physic-chemical properties and sensory satisfaction.
 Results: About 95% ethanolic extract was the most suitable substrate for product development. It reveals the inhibition zone from 7.00±0.00 to 15.00±1.00 mm and possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial agents against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations value ranged from 6.250 to 100 mg/ml and 25 to >200 mg/ml, respectively. About 95% ethanolic extract also revealed high antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of DPPH of 95% ethanolic extract was 1.88±0.02 μg/ml (% inhibition of 85.73±0.01) and the ferric reducing ability power was 23.00±0.50 mg AAE/100 gDW. These high biological activities may be due to a broad range of phytochemical compounds, including saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids.
 Conclusions: The VA leaf was suitable to use as an ingredient in natural shampoos with a low detrimental effect on normal skin flora. The shampoo with 0.00188% of 95% ethanolic extract was the most suitable formula in terms of characteristics and stability. This formula also obtained the highest satisfaction level under our sensory evaluation.
Highlights
Creating new natural products has presently received more attention due to their demand in the cosmeceutical industry
Phytochemical screening The percent yield of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) crude extraction was ranged from 7.5% to 30% as in distilled water extract (DWE; 30.00%), 95% ethanol (EE; 22.50% [w/v]), 99.8% chloroform (CE; 17.50% [w/v]), and 75% acetone extract (AE; 7.50% [w/v])
Acetone extracts (AE) of VA leaf represented the highest amount of the phytoconstituents, including saponins, tannin, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids
Summary
Creating new natural products has presently received more attention due to their demand in the cosmeceutical industry. There was little scientific literature to support the use of such ingredients in the modern cosmeceutical industry. Herbal plants have a natural-synthetic ability to produce bioactive compounds which called phytochemicals or secondary metabolites. These compounds exert bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The modern shampoo is generally made by combining surfactant, co-surfactant, soften, and conditional agent with the thickener and nourish agent [2]. Products with natural ingredients received more attention due to their higher extra unique natural active compounds and lower side effects on the body
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