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Abstract
The management, control and elimination of tuberculosis (TB) have been difficult with the advent of HIV and cases of multidrug resistant (MDR-TB) tuberculosis. The cases of multidrug resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid pose greater challenges on first line and second line drugs to eliminate TB. The study is aimed at establishing anti-tuberculosis activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MDR-TB and the phytochemical present. The leaves of Tetrapleura tetraptera were collected, weighed, dried and pulverized to powder. The pulverized leaves of Tetrapleura tetraptera were subjected to 70% methanol extraction and screened for phytochemical. The crude extract was further purified into fractions using silica gel and thin layer chromatography techniques. M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB were obtained from positive acid fast bacilli sputa of TB patients and confirmed using GeneXpert to differentiate genotypic drug susceptible M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB. The sputa were digested using sodium hydroxide-cysteine technique and cultured in Middlebrook 7H9. The crude extract and fractions were screened for anti-tuberculosis activity using tetrazolium microtitre plate assay. The results showed that Tetrapleura tetraptera crude had activities against M. tuberculosis at 7.4 ± 0 mg/ml and 27.5 ± 0 mg/ml for MDR-TB. One of the fractions inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis at 0.24 ± 0 mg/ml and MDR-TB at 0.89 ± 0 mg/ml. The phytochemical screened includes tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols and resins. T. tetraptra possesses anti-tuberculosis potential at low concentration on MDR-TB and can be a lead compound in drug development for the treatment of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis.
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that infects a one third of the world population with 2 billion people infected and 1.8 million deaths in 2016 [1] [2]
M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB were obtained from positive acid fast bacilli sputa of TB patients and confirmed using GeneXpert to differentiate genotypic drug susceptible M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB
The results showed that Tetrapleura tetraptera crude had activities against M. tuberculosis at 7.4 ± 0 mg/ml and 27.5 ± 0 mg/ml for MDR-TB
Summary
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that infects a one third of the world population with 2 billion people infected and 1.8 million deaths in 2016 [1] [2]. MDR tuberculosis is among the most worrisome element of the pandemic of antibiotic resistance because TB patients fail treatments which have high risk of death [10] [11] [12]. There are high burden drug resistant TB countries including India and South Africa. Today MDR TB spreads unchecked in most of the world It is fueled by poverty at the individual and family levels, limiting access to effective treatment and at the regional and national levels where under resourced governments lacks the capacity to tackle this disease [13]. There is a challenge to develop new drugs especially for the MDR TB that is ravaging the pandemic of antibiotic resistance because TB patients fail treatments which have a high risk of death [4]. Ibekwe et al [16] reported the findings of the efficacy of some Nigerian plants used by tradi-
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