Abstract

Background: Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft maturity is a useful and practical tool that allows for assessment of graft status and remodeling stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare previously described methods of graft evaluation in MRI. We identify factors influencing the maturation and correlating graft appearance in MRI with indirect symptoms of graft insufficiency to identify patients at risk. Methods: Retrospective evaluation was performed in 44 patients who received bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) ACL reconstruction with nine consecutive postoperative MRIs at 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 weeks. Graft status was evaluated using signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ) methods in both sagittal and axial planes. We also assessed the homogeneity of the graft by standard deviation (SD) of signal intensity. SNQ was correlated with patient’s age, sex, postoperative weight-bearing, as well as indirect signs of graft insufficiency by MRI including graft appearance, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) buckling, and measurement of anterior tibia subluxation. Results: We observed that the results of modelling SNQs from both sagittal and axial planes were similar. For both SNQs, the change over weeks quotient was nonlinear where the clinical parameter increased at week 36 and subsequently decreased. The SNQ at week 96 does not reach the levels from week 2. We observed that the model incorporating SNQ and relative SD (rSD) in the sagittal plane predicted the tibia anterior subluxation proportions better than the model with clinical parameters measured in the axial plane. Our results demonstrate that greater SD is associated with less graft homogeneity, which could indicate that this model is a good predictor of graft insufficiency. In addition, the proportion of PCL buckling increased over the course of the study. Conclusions: MRI graft evaluation is very useful for assessing graft ligamentization stage and to predict graft insufficiency.

Highlights

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture causes knee instability, which affects sport activities and increases the risk of meniscal injury and early osteoarthrosis [1]

  • We showed that average values from two measurements of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft taken in the sagittal plane best represent graft status

  • The relative SD (rSD) was related to signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ) and overall grafts state, indicating that graft homogeneity is an important indicator of graft well-being

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Summary

Introduction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture causes knee instability, which affects sport activities and increases the risk of meniscal injury and early osteoarthrosis [1]. Despite efforts and significant advances in ACL reconstruction, clinical failures continue to occur [3] It is still debated among researchers and clinicians on what processes are involved in ACL graft healing and remodeling and how long these processes take in patients [4]. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft maturity is a useful and practical tool that allows for assessment of graft status and remodeling stage. SNQ was correlated with patient’s age, sex, postoperative weight-bearing, as well as indirect signs of graft insufficiency by MRI including graft appearance, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) buckling, and measurement of anterior tibia subluxation. Results: We observed that the results of modelling SNQs from both sagittal and axial planes were similar For both SNQs, the change over weeks quotient was nonlinear where the clinical parameter increased at week 36 and subsequently decreased. Conclusions: MRI graft evaluation is very useful for assessing graft ligamentization stage and to predict graft insufficiency

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