Abstract
BackgroundAcetone is a common alternative solvent used in the Ames test when test chemicals are unstable or poorly soluble in water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Yet, there is a very limited number of studies evaluating acetone as a solvent in the modified Ames test with preincubation (preincubation test).ResultsWe evaluated the acetone as a solvent for the preincubation test. Fourteen mutagens dissolved in acetone was added each to the reaction mixture at 2 different volumes (25 or 50 μL) to examine mutagenicity using bacterial test strains recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 471, and compared with DMSO (100 μL). Cytotoxicity of acetone was also examined in these bacterial strains. TA1537 was most sensitive to the cytotoxicity of acetone, the degree of which was moderate and similar to DMSO in TA1537 without S9 mix. In other strains, cytotoxicity was limited to a mild degree with or without S9 mix. Cytotoxicity of acetone did not affect detection of mutagenicity of any mutagens; many of them being comparable or less mutagenic than those with DMSO.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that acetone is a viable candidate as a solvent for the preincubation test in the 5 bacterial strains.
Highlights
The Ames test is used worldwide for detecting mutagenicity of chemicals using bacterial strains [1,2,3]
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the most widely used organic solvent for Ames tests due to its limited cytotoxicity, and its property as a solvent to dissolve a wide variety of substances and its low reactivity with organic test chemicals except for some compounds [1, 6,7,8]
We previously examined the effects of multiple concentrations of DMSO on the cytotoxicity to the bacterial strains and on the mutagenicity of mutagens; in the preincubation test, DMSO did not affect the detection of mutagens in spite of moderate cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 14% [9, 10]
Summary
The Ames test is used worldwide for detecting mutagenicity of chemicals using bacterial strains [1,2,3]. In the Guidebook for Mutagenicity Test Guideline in Industrial Safety and Health Act, water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone are the standard choices of the solvent [4]. When test chemicals are unstable or poorly soluble in water or DMSO, acetone is one of the primary solvent choices [4, 6]. The guidebook for Mutagenicity Test Guideline in Industrial Safety and Health Act states [4] that when test chemicals are poorly soluble in either solvent of water, DMSO, or acetone, other solvents which do not affect both bacterial viability and S9 activity can be used. Acetone is a common alternative solvent used in the Ames test when test chemicals are unstable or poorly soluble in water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). There is a very limited number of studies evaluating acetone as a solvent in the modified Ames test with preincubation (preincubation test)
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