Abstract
Windthrows are the most important type of disturbance occurring in the forests of Central Europe. On 19 November 2004, the strong northeastern katabatic winds caused significant damage and land cover change to more than 126 km2 of spruce forests in the Tatra National Park. The risk of subsequent soil erosion and accelerated runoff has increased in the affected habitats. Similar situations may reoccur this century as a consequence of climate change. A geographical approach and detailed research of the damaged area with more comprehensive statistical analyses of 47 independent variables will help us to obtain a deeper insight into the problem of windthrow disturbances. The results are based on a detailed investigation of the damaged stands, soil, and topography. A comprehensive input dataset enabled the evaluation of abiotic controls on windthrow disturbance through the use of a generalized additive model (GAM). The GAM revealed causal linear and nonlinear relationships between the local dependent quantitative variables (the damage index and the uprooting index) and independent variables (various soil and topography properties). Our model explains 69% of the deviance of the total damage. The distribution of the wind force depended upon the topographical position—mainly on the distance from the slope’s foot lines. The soil properties (mainly the soil skeleton, i.e., rock fragments in stony soils) affect the rate and manner of damage (uprooting), especially on sites with less wind force. Stem breakage with no relation to the soil prevailed in places with high force winds. The largest number of uprooted trees was recorded in localities without a soil skeleton. The spruce’s waterlogged shallow root system is significantly prone to uprooting. The comprehensive research found a significant relationship between the abiotic variables and two different measures of forest damage, and can expand the knowledge on wind impact in Central European forests.
Highlights
There is increasing interest in how large, infrequent, natural disturbances affect both vegetation [1]and human society
With reference to the general definition provided by Pickett and White [2], the disturbance of a forest ecosystem happens discretely over time, and disrupts the ecosystem’s structure, composition, and processes by altering its physical environment and resources, causing the destruction of plant biomass
The purpose of our study is to investigate abiotic controls on the windstorm impact in the our research
Summary
There is increasing interest in how large, infrequent, natural disturbances affect both vegetation [1]and human society. With reference to the general definition provided by Pickett and White [2], the disturbance of a forest ecosystem happens discretely over time, and disrupts the ecosystem’s structure, composition, and processes by altering its physical environment and resources, causing the destruction of plant biomass. Stand composition is assumed to have an influence on the vulnerability of forests to storm damage [6]. The biotic factors that influence the extent of the damage mainly include the tree species, the stem size (e.g., trunk diameter, tree height, and stem/crown weight), and the presence of pathogens [7]. The most frequently considered abiotic factors include the wind velocity, the direction topography, and the soil characteristics (e.g., [7,8])
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