Evaluation of a Rhodomyrtus tomentosa ethanolic extract for its therapeutic potential on Staphylococcus aureus infections using in vitro and in vivo models of mastitis

Abstract

An ethanolic extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves (RTL) was studied as a natural alternative to control Staphylococcus aureus, which is an important pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the RTL extract and of rhodomyrtone, a pure compound isolated from the plant, were determined by a microdilution method. Rhodomyrtone and the RTL extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, including its persistent phenotype (SCV: small-colony variant) and a biofilm hyperproducer strain, with MICs of 0.25–0.5 and 8–16 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill kinetics showed a strong bactericidal activity for both the RTL extract- and rhodomyrtone-treated bacteria at 2 × MIC as early as 4 h post-exposure. An additive effect of the extract at 0.5 × MIC was observed in a combination with oxytetracycline or pirlimycin against S. aureus by showing a 64- to 128-fold reduction in antibiotic MICs. Moreover, the RTL extract significantly decreased the number of intracellular SCVs inside bovine mammary epithelial cells. However, the extract or its combination with pirlimycin only slightly improved the activity of pirlimycin against the bacterial colonization of mouse mammary glands. In vitro MICs determined in the presence of casein indicated that the limited activity of the RTL extract in the murine model of mastitis could be linked to neutralization of active components by milk proteins. While the RTL extract showed interesting antibacterial properties in vitro, to be considered as an alternative to antibiotics in dairy farms, formulation studies are needed to cope with the observed reduction of activity in vivo.