Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a novel experimental subunit vaccine (ESV), induce colostrum IgA and serum IgG in sows, and to control enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) disease in neonatal and weanling piglets. The vaccine was tested in three experiments. Experiment 1 consisted of two independent trials. In each trial, 20 pregnant sows/groups were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with a commercial E. coli vaccine or intranasally with ESV at weeks 11 and 13 of pregnancy. Blood and serum samples were obtained within 12 h post-partum. In Experiment 1, intranasal vaccination with ESV significantly increased the sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio of secretory IgA in the colostrum of sows (P < 0.01, trial 1; P < 0.05, trial 2) compared to the IM vaccine. In Experiment 2, twenty-five 3-day old piglets were randomly allocated into two groups, control (n = 13) or ESV (n = 12) and were oral gavaged with the respective treatments on days 3 and 14 of life. On days 17–19, all piglets were challenged using a mixed ETEC culture via oral gavage. Within 72 h, all control group animals developed disease consistent with colibacillosis. Conversely, the ESV treated group remained disease free over the 7-day observation period and had significant increases in body weight gain compared to the control group piglets. In Experiment 3, thirty 28-day old piglets were randomly allocated, control (n = 15) or ESV (n = 15), and on days 33 and 43 of life, piglets were either given by oral gavage 2.0 mL saline (control group) or 2.0 mL ESV. At days 46 and 47 of life, all pigs were challenged with a mixed culture of ETEC and observed for clinical signs of disease. Results of Experiment 3 were similar to those observed in Experiment 2. This study indicates the ESV can induce better levels of colostrum secretory IgA in pregnant sows than IM vaccination, which may be protective to neonatal piglets. Further, the vaccine can protect piglets as early as 3 days of age from an ETEC infection. Importantly, the data suggest a single vaccine could be used across the farrowing, suckling, and weaning program to protect against pathogenic E. coli.
Highlights
The development of vaccines for effective control of foodborne pathogens and infection represents a significant development in reducing public health risk [1]
The evaluation of ESV against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) on diarrhea scores of neonatal piglets displaying colibacillosis in Experiment 2 are shown in Figure 2 and Table 2
In neonate and weaned piglets, ETEC-related diarrhea causes significant economic losses to the pig industry due to morbidity, mortality, and reduced performance and medication costs associated with the disease [15, 30]
Summary
The development of vaccines for effective control of foodborne pathogens and infection represents a significant development in reducing public health risk [1]. Advancements in biotechnology have increased innovative potential and allow new technologies to be used as a promising control strategy for alternatives to antibiotics [2], and vaccines are highly regarded for their perceived feasibility and effectiveness [3]. Pathogenic E. coli infections or colibacillosis is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the global swine industry [4]. Colibacillosis has a direct economic impact on producers and represents a potential human transmission route of foodborne illness. Consumer pressure and changing government regulations may limit or omit antibiotics necessitating the need for alternative intervention strategies [10]
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