Evaluation and Analysis of Water Quality of Marine Aquaculture Area.

Xianyu Zhang,Lei Chen,Zhen Ma,Peiwu Liu,Rui Guo,Shengyi Jin,Yingqi Zhang,Jiawen Liu,Ying Liu,Qian Zhang

doi:10.3390/ijerph17041446

Xianyu Zhang, Lei Chen + Show 8 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041446

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Abstract

In the rapid development of marine aquaculture, the water quality of aquatic environments is regarded as a main limiting factor. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the water quality and environmental conditions in marine aquaculture areas and find out the main influencing factors regarding damage to the water quality environment. In the present research, pond aquaculture and cage aquaculture areas were sampled in May, August and November in 2018. Nine water quality indicators were detected, including pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, molybdate-reactive phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, inorganic nitrogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the water quality conditions, spatial–temporal changes, and the driving factors in pond and cage aquaculture areas. The results showed that three main components were extracted from the pond aquaculture area, which explained 66.82% of the results, the most relevant factors are salinity, dissolved oxygen and ARGs. For the cage aquaculture area, three main components were extracted which can account for 72.99% of the results, the most relevant factors are chlorophyll a, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The comprehensive scores of the principal components indicated that the heaviest polluted months in pond and aquaculture areas were August and November, respectively. The water quality of the pond aquaculture area is mainly limited by the volume of the pond, while aquaculture activities and seasonality are the main factors for cage aquaculture. ARGs in cage culture areas showed more variety and frequency compared with pond culture areas, which indicated that terrestrial input might be one of the sources for ARGs occurrence. The results would be helpful for the relevant authorities to select water quality monitoring parameters in marine aquaculture areas.

Highlights

In recent years, with the rapid development of marine aquaculture in China, the increasing scale and breeding density of aquaculture have induced a frequent occurrence of diseases and environmental pollution [1]
The values of SAL in the two aquaculture areas varied in the range of 28.5–32.1 ppt, while the lowest and highest values of SAL were shown in the pond culture area and kept relatively stable in cage culture area
Water quality assessment with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detection rate and other water quality parameters between different culture models was investigated in 19 sampling sites in the Zhuanghe marine aquaculture region

Summary

Introduction

With the rapid development of marine aquaculture in China, the increasing scale and breeding density of aquaculture have induced a frequent occurrence of diseases and environmental pollution [1]. A large amount of the nitrogen and phosphorus in feeds cannot be utilized by fish during aquaculture, which makes the nutrient concentration higher in aquaculture areas than in other natural areas [2]. The nutrient input from aquaculture effluent may cause a deterioration of water quality in the aquatic environment [3]. Aquatic product quality is influenced by the condition of the water environment [4]. Some antibiotics are considered as “pseudo-persistent” contaminants. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1446; doi:10.3390/ijerph17041446 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph

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