Abstract
The effects of Low Impact Development (LID) practices on urban runoff and pollutants have proven to be positive in many studies. However, the effectiveness of LID practices can vary depending on different urban patterns. In the present study, the performance of LID practices was explored under three land uses with different urban forms: (1) a compact high-density urban form; (2) a conventional medium-density urban form; and (3) a conservational medium-density urban form. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used and model development was performed to reflect hydrologic behavior by the application of LID practices. Rain gardens, permeable pavements, and rainwater harvesting tanks were considered for simulations, and a modeling procedure for the representation of LID practices in SWAT was specifically illustrated in this context. Simulations were done for each land use, and the results were compared and evaluated. The application of LID practices demonstrated a decrease in surface runoff and pollutant loadings for all land uses, and different reductions were represented in response to the land uses with different urban forms on a watershed scale. In addition, the results among post-LIDs scenarios generally showed lower values for surface runoff and nitrate in the compact high-density urban land use and for total phosphorus in the conventional medium-density urban land use compared to the other land uses. We suggest effective strategies for implementing LID practices.
Highlights
Urbanization has caused many problems for runoff and pollutants due to the increase in impervious surfaces
Very few studies have attempted to simulate Low Impact Development (LID) practices and land use with different urban patterns, especially for rain gardens (RGs), permeable pavements (PPs), and rainwater harvesting tanks (RWHs), using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
We focused on the application of the LID practices in SWAT and on the evaluation of the watershed-wide effectiveness of the LID practices under given different urban designs
Summary
Urbanization has caused many problems for runoff and pollutants due to the increase in impervious surfaces. Jacob and Lopez [18] evaluated the benefits of high density development for the reduction of water quality loadings in comparison with standard suburban developments, mentioning it as an effective approach more than traditional BMPs under their study conditions Such studies imply that the effects of the application of LID practices could vary with different urban patterns. Very few studies have attempted to simulate LID practices and land use with different urban patterns, especially for rain gardens (RGs), permeable pavements (PPs), and rainwater harvesting tanks (RWHs) (which were considered in the present study), using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) In this regard, we focused on the application of the LID practices in SWAT and on the evaluation of the watershed-wide effectiveness of the LID practices under given different urban designs. Terms “pre-LIDs” and “post-LIDs” are used to designate the post-development state before and after constructing practices, respectively
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