Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Approximately 5% of pregnant individuals in the United States will experience intimate partner violence (IPV) during their pregnancy. Studies have linked IPV during pregnancy to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but most were either conducted in small datasets, low/middle-income countries, or are outdated. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) have been linked to maternal stress and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but no study to date has looked at the effect of IPV during pregnancy on HDP. METHODS: Data from the 2016–2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used to conduct univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the relationship between IPV (physical, sexual, and emotional) and HDP, adjusting for maternal age, education, insurance, preexisting hypertension or diabetes, smoking, and no previous live births. RESULTS: Of the 41,075 participants, 2,762 (6.7%) reported IPV during pregnancy and were younger with higher rates of public insurance, tobacco use, preexisting hypertension/diabetes, and less likely to have a bachelors degree. Incidence of HDP among individuals reporting IPV was 20.8%. Those who reported IPV had increased odds of HDP compared to those who did not (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.13 [1.02–1.26]). This association remained significant in individuals reporting physical abuse (N=863) during pregnancy (adjusted OR, 1.25 [1.05–1.50]) and reporting emotional abuse (N=2,607) during pregnancy (adjusted OR, 1.13 [1.01–1.25]). There was no association between IPV and HDP for individuals reporting sexual (N=490) abuse. CONCLUSION: This study provides a current understanding of the effect of IPV during pregnancy on HDP. Its findings provide ground for greater advocacy against IPV and towards IPV screening and support during pregnancy.
Published Version
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