Abstract
Outflow boundaries induced by cold-pools are a key characteristic of convective systems related to microphysical and kinematic processes during the mature stage of their lifecycle. Over the ocean, such kinematic processes are associated with low-level wind modulations that are captured by scatterometers. This study investigates the ability of the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) wind retrievals to detect the outflow boundary associated with an oceanic mesoscale convective system (MCS). Leveraging a new technique to identify cold pools that is based on features that enclose elevated magnitude of the gradient of the wind, termed as ‘Gradient Feature’ (GF), wind retrievals at 50-, 25- and 7-km spatial resolution were utilized to explore how the characteristics of the outflow boundary vary with resolution. Ground-based radar retrievals were also implemented to assess and correct, when possible, the performance of the ASCAT retrievals. The magnitude of the gradient of the wind for the coarser resolution was an order of magnitude smaller (10−4 s−1) than the finer ones (10−3 s−1). An increase in the magnitude of the gradient wind field associated with the outflow boundary was captured by all resolutions and a respective feature was identified by the GF method. The location of the features relative to the distance from the front edge of the MCS decreased with resolution, indicating the importance of the high resolution ASCAT product to capture their extent, as well as additional smaller scale features. The effect of the background wind field on the selection of the final wind field during the ambiguity removal process for the high-resolution product is also discussed.
Highlights
Maritime convection exhibits characteristics on a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales
The method described in the previous sections has been applied to a severe weather system, located along the coastal U.S, in order to demonstrate the utility of the ultra-high resolution (UHR) product to identify small scale features along an outflow boundary and how those are related to features captured by the lower resolution Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) products
In this study we applied a novel technique based on the wind gradient, termed gradient feature method Garg et al [23] to identify outflow boundaries induced by mesoscale convective system (MCS) from scatterometer data
Summary
Maritime convection exhibits characteristics on a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales. Unlike continental storms that exhibit strong diurnal variability in energy exchanges, maritime storms are characterized by fluxes with less variability and lower peak values. Precipitation radars onboard satellites have revealed that mesoscale convective systems (MCSs; [1]) are globally distributed and constitute an important source of rainfall [2,3] and severe weather within the tropics and sub-tropics. They can have different morphological characteristics but they all contain convective and stratiform precipitation [4]. The precipitation process can produce strong downdrafts through both precipitation loading and evaporation of rain into a dry mid-level environment, transporting cooler
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