Abstract
As most vehicles remain parked 95% of its time, this suggests that leveraging the use of On-board Units (OBUs) in parked vehicles would provide communication and computation services to other mobile and fixed nodes for delivery of services such as multimedia streaming, data storage and data processing. The nearby vehicles can form an infrastructure using IEEE 802.11p communication interface, facilitating communication, computation and storage services to the end users. We refer to this as a Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) infrastructure. In this study, using NS-2 simulator, we investigate how six routing protocols consisting of two proactive routing protocols, Destination Sequence Destination Vector (DSDV) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR); two reactive routing protocols, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR); and two geographic routing protocols, Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) and Location Aided Routing (LAR) perform when forwarding TCP traffic among the parked vehicles that form a VFC infrastructure in an urban street parking scenario. In order to reflect an urban street parking scenario, we consider a traffic mobility traces that are generated using SUMO in our simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to understand how vehicle density, vehicle speed and parking duration can influence TCP in an urban street parking scenario when packet forwarding decision is made using proactive, reactive and geographic routing protocols. In our performance evaluation, positive results are observed on the influence of parking duration in parked vehicles as TCP performance in all routing protocols increases with longer parking duration. However, variable speed in parked vehicles and moving vehicles in an urban street parking scenario may not have significant influence on TCP performance, especially in case of reactive and proactive routing protocols. Further, our findings reveal that vehicle density in a VFC infrastructure can noticeably influence TCP performance. Towards the end of the paper, we delineate some important future research issues in order to improve routing performance in a street-parked vehicle based VFC infrastructure.
Highlights
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are seen as a key enabling technology in realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [38] and smart vehicles [13]
UDP background connections are considered besides TCP traffic for evaluating Destination Sequence Destination Vector (DSDV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) and Location Aided Routing (LAR)
Throughput in AODV and DSR increases as delay decreases under increasing parking durations whereby throughput in DREAM and LAR decreases as delay increases under increasing parking durations
Summary
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are seen as a key enabling technology in realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [38] and smart vehicles [13]. Being a subset of Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET), VANET makes use of vehicle mobility on the road that allows connection to be made with nearby vehicles to form a mobile network This inter vehicle communication is possible as vehicles are equipped with On-Board Units (OBUs) which are an ITS component that allows computation of vehicles’ performance and physical position associated information such as location, speed and distance away from incoming vehicle(s) [33]. This on-board computing facility in today’s vehicles is spurring emerging applications such as infotainment and comfort applications (e.g. on-board Internet access, vehicle conditions for maintenance update, traffic congestion live information) [41, 48]. Taking the growing importance of latency requirement of applications, Cisco introduced Fog computing in which computational capability is pushed towards the network edge, enabling easy and quick computational support to the Internet of Things (IoTs)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
