Abstract
Abstract This study experimented with the novel approach of using a microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) treatment train to treat the effluent of a primary settling tank at the Inland Empire Utility Agency in Chino, CA. The pilot used polyvinylidene fluoride hollow-fiber MF modules as pretreatment for an RO skid, which used Hydranautics ESPA2 membranes in a two-stage configuration with a feed capacity of 6 gallon per minute (gpm). In this pilot configuration, researchers monitored the removal of 38 most prevalent contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) through the MF/RO process. To investigate how operating the RO process at two fixed recovery rates of 55% and 80% would affect the performance of the MF/RO membranes, researchers applied different fluxes (8, 10, 12 and 14 gal/d/ft2 (gfd)) and evaluated the removal of CECs in 1-stage and 2-stage RO configurations. The occurrence of CECs in the MF influent, MF effluent, RO permeate, and RO concentrate were analyzed and studied. In the first phase (1-stage the RO process), flux of 14 gfd showed a better rejection value of inorganics (95.2%) when compared with those of other fluxes. Meanwhile, in the second phase (2-stage RO process), flux of 12 gfd showed a better rejection of inorganics (93.7%) when compared with those of other fluxes. Although concentrations of CECs slightly decreased in the RO permeate as the flux has increased, statistical analysis showed no significant differences between different fluxes in terms of CEC rejection.
Highlights
The water industry is increasingly implementing recycled water projects to respond to current demands and challenges, such as water shortages, that the world faces today
contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) surface as chemicals formed during wastewater and drinking water treatment, known as disinfection by-products (DBPs)
By analyzing the reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate stream, this study showed the viability of eliminating secondary treatment and efficiently preparing wastewater for reuse through this novel treatment train
Summary
The water industry is increasingly implementing recycled water projects to respond to current demands and challenges, such as water shortages, that the world faces today. To develop future water supplies that remain sustainable in dry years, water managers and their communities will. Indirect potable reuse (IPR) is one method of creating high-purity product water with reduced energy inputs and economic costs (Rodriguez et al ). In this process, municipal wastewater is treated through a conventional treatment train, including aerobic biological treatment, and processed through membrane technology, discharged directly. Farrokh Shad et al | Contaminants of emerging concerns in a water recycling process
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