Abstract
Side effects of the drugs’ oral administration led us to examine the possibility of using diclofenac sodium (DLF) in a polymeric drug delivery system based on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, which can be produced cost-effectively and with good applicability for transdermal treatments. The inclusion of DLF in PAN nanofibers increased the nanofiber diameter from ~200 nm to ~500 nm. This increase can be attributed to the increase in the spinning solution viscosity. FTIR spectra confirm the entrapment of the DLF into the PAN nanofibers. X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the inclusion of the DLF in the PAN nanofibers had caused the misalignment in the polymeric chains of the PAN, thus resulting in a decrease of the peak intensity at 2θ = 17o. The DLF loaded PAN nanofibers were efficient against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), with maximum inhibition zone of 16 ± 0.46 mm for E. coli and 15.5 ± 0.28 mm for S. aureus. Good cell viability ~95% for L929 cells in more extended incubation periods was reported. A gradual release of DLF from the PAN nanofiber was observed and can be attributed to the stability of Pan in PBS medium. Cell adhesion micrographs show that cell-cell interaction is stronger than the cell-material interaction. This type of weak cell interaction with the wound dressing is particularly advantageous, as this will not disturb the wound surface during the nursing of the wound.
Highlights
Skin is the largest organ of our body
Uniform bead-free continuous Diclofenac sodium salt (DLF) loaded PAN nanofibers were successfully produced on horizontal electrospinning set up at a high voltage of 12.5 kV
FTIR spectrum and the appearance of a new peak at 7.1o in X-ray diffractograms (XRD) diffractogram indicates the entrapment of the DLF in the PAN nanofiber matrices after electrospinning
Summary
Skin is the largest organ of our body. It is the first defense line in protecting the body’s internal and most sensitive parts from the attack of bacteria, xenobiotics, and dehydration [1,2,3,4,5]. At present, electrospinning is the predominant technique to develop wound dressing because of its simplicity, low cost, high production rate, and ability to create nanofibers having multiple morphological structures [10,11]. Various delivery systems based on (natural & synthetic) polymers, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, etc., are generally used for wound dressing. The cell viability and imaging data indicate that NIH 3T3 cells experienced no toxicity in the DLF- nanonets structures [32] Most of these studies carried in the near past are based on the release and toxicity study of the DLF loaded polymeric systems. The side effects of oral administration of drugs have led us to investigate the possibility of encapsulating DLF in a polymeric drug delivery system based on PAN nanofibers which can be produced cheaply and having high applicability to be employed for transdermal delivery of drugs on the wound site. The prepared nanofibers were subjected to physicochemical, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, in vitro release, antibacterial efficacy, and in-vitro cell proliferation analysis
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