Europe

Abstract

Abstract Anders Breivik’s 2011 terrorist attacks in Norway transformed the world of violent white supremacy. Breivik offered a model for others to follow, releasing a manifesto detailing the fantastical logic of his massacre and, with his bombing and particularly his systematic mass shooting, providing a style of attack for future shooters. Both before and after Breivik’s attacks, opposition in Europe to Muslim immigration grew, often exacerbated by jihadist terrorism in Europe and elsewhere in the world. White supremacists also made inroads into politics, with parties in Germany, Greece, France, and other countries espousing strongly antiimmigrant and anti-Muslim sentiment and, in some cases, having links to violent white supremacists. European countries became more aggressive in their efforts to counter white supremacist violence, but they still devoted relatively few resources to the problem, and uneven political support further complicated an effective response.