Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25% and has continued to increase; however, no drugs have yet been approved for NAFLD treatments. The ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum xanthioides (EFAX) was previously reported to have an anti-hepatic fibrosis effect, but its effects on steatosis or steatohepatitis remain unclear. This study investigated the anti-fatty liver of EFAX using a high-fat diet mouse model. High-fat diet intake for 8 weeks induced hepatic steatosis with mild inflammation and oxidative damage and increased the adipose tissue weight along with the development of dyslipidemia. EFAX treatment significantly ameliorated the steatohepatic changes, the increased weight of adipose tissues, and the altered serum lipid profiles. These observed effects were possibly due to the lipolysis-dominant activity of EFAX on multiple hepatic proteins including sterol regulatory element-binding protein (mSREBP)-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, AMP-activated protein kinase, and diglyceride acyltransferases (DGATs). Taken together, these results show that EFAX might be a potential therapeutic agent for regulating a wide spectrum of NAFLDs from steatosis to fibrosis via multiple actions on lipid metabolism-related proteins. Further studies investigating clear mechanisms and their active compounds are needed.
Highlights
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major health problem because of its high estimated global prevalence of 25% and continuous increasing pattern over the last decade [1].Recently, the economic burden of NAFLD has been reported to be over 100 billion dollars in the USA [2].NAFLD is crucially linked to the development of chronic hepatic diseases and obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases [3,4,5].Weight loss through lifestyle modification is the first-line treatment for NAFLD [6]
ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum xanthioides (EFAX) on multiple hepatic proteins including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, AMP-activated protein kinase, and diglyceride acyltransferases (DGATs). These results show that EFAX might be a potential therapeutic agent for regulating a wide spectrum of NAFLDs from steatosis to fibrosis via multiple actions on lipid metabolism-related proteins
The consumed food weight differed between the naive and high-fat diet groups, but there was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups
Summary
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major health problem because of its high estimated global prevalence of 25% and continuous increasing pattern over the last decade [1].Recently, the economic burden of NAFLD has been reported to be over 100 billion dollars in the USA [2].NAFLD is crucially linked to the development of chronic hepatic diseases and obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases [3,4,5].Weight loss through lifestyle modification (dietary habits and physical exercise) is the first-line treatment for NAFLD [6]. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major health problem because of its high estimated global prevalence of 25% and continuous increasing pattern over the last decade [1]. The economic burden of NAFLD has been reported to be over 100 billion dollars in the USA [2]. NAFLD is crucially linked to the development of chronic hepatic diseases and obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases [3,4,5]. Weight loss through lifestyle modification (dietary habits and physical exercise) is the first-line treatment for NAFLD [6]. A previous study reported that only 10% of patients achieved a weight reduction of more than To improve fibrosis and steatosis, weight loss of 10% or more is required [7].
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