Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical attributes of Indian Tinospora species: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Total 34 species of Tinospora genus are found in Africa, Australia, Asia, Madagascar and Pacific regions of the World. Nine species of Tinospora are naturalized in the different states of India. In traditional medicine, different parts of Tinospora are used in the treatment of syphilis, ulcers, bronchitis, jaundice, urinary disease, piles, skin and liver diseases. The information of traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Indian Tinospora species was collected from the published books, MSc/MTech, PhD dissertations, PubMed, Wiley, and Elsevier. Moreover, the reference books, the relevant reviews, and the digital records were critically examined to present a complete overview of Indian Tinospora species. Indian Tinospora species possess various pharmacological attributes such as antioxidant, hepatopotective, radioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, antmicrobial, analgesic, anti-fertility, antiarthritic, anti-tumor, antistress, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, wound healing, and antiulcer activities. These biological activities of Indian Tinospora species can be attributed to the presence of a wide range of phytoconstituents including alkaloids (tinoscorsides A-B, palmatine, tembetarine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, berberine, isocolumbin), clerodane furano diterpene glucosides (amritosides A-D, tinoscorside C, borapetoside B and F, and cordifolide C), flavonoids (diosmetin, genkwanin, genkwanin 7-glucoside, and rutin), lignans (Secoisolariciresinol, syringaresinol, makisterone C), and sterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol). This review describes the detailed botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological attributes of 9 Indian Tinospora species. Moreover, we also included the clinical importance and toxicological effects of Indian Tinospora species with the aim to investigating its potential uses as ingredients for pharmaceutical industry.