Abstract
Recently, Pt-loaded graphic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) materials have attracted great attention as a photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water. The simple surface modification of g-C3N4 by hydrothermal methods improves photocatalytic performance. In this study, ethanol is used as a solvothermal solvent to modify the surface properties of g-C3N4 for the first time. The g-C3N4 is thermally treated in ethanol at different temperatures (T = 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, and 220 °C), and the Pt co-catalyst is subsequently deposited on the g-C3N4 via a photodeposition method. Elemental analysis and XPS O 1s data confirm that the ethanol solvothermal treatment increased the contents of the oxygen-containing functional groups on the g-C3N4 and were proportional to the treatment temperatures. However, the XPS Pt 4f data show that the Pt2+/Pt0 value for the Pt/g-C3N4 treated at ethanol solvothermal temperature of 160 °C (Pt/CN-160) is the highest at 7.03, implying the highest hydrogen production rate of Pt/CN-160 is at 492.3 μmol g−1 h−1 because the PtO phase is favorable for the water adsorption and hydrogen desorption in the hydrogen evolution process. In addition, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and the photoluminescence spectra emission peak intensify reflect that the Pt/CN-160 had a more efficient charge separation process that also enhanced the photocatalytic activity.
Highlights
Owing to the abundance and renewability of sunlight and water, a solar-driven watersplitting process using photocatalysts is considered a long-term sustainable technology for producing hydrogen—a clean and renewable energy source
A great deal of effort has been made by researchers over the past few years, including metal or non-metal doping [7,8,9], liquid-phase exfoliation [10], chemical oxidation [11,12,13,14], and heterojunction fabrication [15,16,17,18]
It has been reported that the presence of foreign atoms in precursors positively affect the optical and electronic properties of bulk g-C3 N4 in photocatalytic performance [13,22]
Summary
Owing to the abundance and renewability of sunlight and water, a solar-driven watersplitting process using photocatalysts is considered a long-term sustainable technology for producing hydrogen—a clean and renewable energy source. The photocatalytic application of bulk g-C3 N4 (BCN) is restricted by some disadvantages, such as a low specific surface area and the rapid recombination rate of charge carriers. To tackle these challenges, a great deal of effort has been made by researchers over the past few years, including metal or non-metal doping [7,8,9], liquid-phase exfoliation [10], chemical oxidation [11,12,13,14], and heterojunction fabrication [15,16,17,18].
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