Estudio sociológico sobre el efecto de las características de la modernidad en la identidad étnica

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the globalization of culture and ethnic identity. In this research, Giddens construction theory and Malcolm Waters theory of globalization are used as a theoretical framework. The statistical population of this research includes students of Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch in 2019. The sample size using Cochran's formula is equal to 384 people and the samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Results show that; there is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and cultural globalization (r = -0.71) and its dimensions as of modern socialization (r = 0.40), cultural consumption (r = 0.34) and modern identity (r = 0.74). In fact, with the tendency of respondents to western utilitarian and individualistic cultures and patterns which corresponds to the rule of law and deviation from religious and traditional norms, ethnic identities are weakened, But the purposeful use of global tools leads to increased awareness and display of ethnic identity.

Students are significantly present in virtual social networks and spend a considerable amount of time in this space. An increase in the number of users of virtual social networks has led to the emergence of a new lifestyle, known as the virtual lifestyle, which can affect the daily activities of students, especially their health behaviors. Therefore, this study is aimed to determine the relationship of virtual social networks with health-promoting behaviors among the medical students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive-analytic study, 318 medical students were included using the stratified random sampling technique. By means of a 52-item health-promoting behavior scale (Walker et al.) and a researcher-made questionnaire, the use of virtual social networks was studied. The data were analyzed in SPSS (V.22) software by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Pearson’s and Spearman correlation coefficients, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. The use of virtual social networks was high (66%), and the mean score of health-promoting behaviors of students was moderate (135.32 ± 19.35). The data analysis showed a significant relationship between the aspects of responsibility for health, nutrition status and interpersonal relationships and the use of virtual social networks (P < 0.05). A meaningful correlation was also found between the use of virtual social networks and demographic characteristics of students including marital status, age, employment status and residence (P < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was obtained with other demographic variables, and no statistically meaningful association was observed between health-promoting lifestyle and any of the demographic variables. According to the findings of the study, it seems that the presence of students in virtual social networks can be an opportunity and, through creating special student groups under the supervision of professors working in the field of health promotion, it is possible to publish scientific content in these networks to take a step toward promoting the health of students.

Introduction: Research results show that unmanaged use of virtual networks is the cause of differences between couples. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the mediating role of attitudes toward betrayal and marital conflicts in the relationship between the use of virtual social networks and emotional divorce in married teachers in Mashhad. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the society included married teachers in seven areas of education in Mashhad city in the academic year of 2017-2018. 375 teachers were selected by quota sampling method and completed questionnaires on social networks, emotional divorce, attitudes toward betrayal and marital conflicts. Data were analyzed using path analysis using Maximum Field Definition (ML). The structural equation modeling was used to analyze data using AMOS software version 25. Results: Based on the findings, the mediating role of attitude toward betrayal was not significant for predicting emotional divorce based on the use of virtual social networks (β = 0.06). Standardized β coefficient is 0.38 for predicting marital conflicts based on the use of virtual social networks and the coefficient for predicting emotional divorce based on marital conflicts is 0.54. Therefore, the role of conflicting intermediaries is significant for predicting emotional divorce based on the use of virtual social networks. Accordingly, the role of the mediating meanings of marital conflicts along with the non-perceptible role of attitudes toward betrayal, based on the use of virtual social networks, predicts a total of 20% of the variance of emotional divorce. If the direct role of using virtual social networks in predicting emotional divorce along with the role of intermediate variables is considered, 66% of the variance of emotional divorce is predictable. Fit indicators showed the optimal fitness of the model with the collected data. (P &lt;0.05) Conclusion: The results of this study showed that increasing the use of virtual networks with increasing conflicts increases the incidence of emotional divorce in couples.

Introduction: In different societies, paying attention to spiritual dimension of health has been emphasized as one of the health dimensions according to the WHO. The study aimed to determine the relation between spiritual health and use of virtual social networks among high school students in Firouzabad, Fars province in 2017. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 380 students (16-18 years) were selected using the multistage stratified sampling. Data collection instruments included demographic information questionnaire, virtual social network use questionnaire, and Poltzea and Ellisons questionnaire of spiritual health assessment. To analyze the data, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and logistic regression tests were used. Results: The mean score of spiritual health was 83.98 ± 17.01 and had a significant correlation with education level (p&lt;0.001) and internet use time (p=0.02). A significant correlation was found between virtual social networks use and monthly income, (r=0.17) religions health (r= -0.64), individual health (r= -0.11), and total score of spiritual health (r= -0.09). Most of the students (65.77%) had internet access and the most frequently used virtual social network was WathsApp. Logisitc regression revealed that the mean score of desirable spiritual health among students who used virtual social networks for 11-20 , 21-30, and &gt;30 hours per week were 0.83 , 0.72, and 0.27 times lower than the students who used these networks less than 10 hours a week. Conclusion: Internet access was higher in male students than female and the spiritual health was at the average level in both genders. Regarding the effect of virtual social networks on students and its increasing expansion, the issue must be considered by authorities.

The problematic use of (or addiction to) Internet, and especially of virtual social networks (VSN), has given rise to the behavior’s study such as “cyberloafing” (the loss of work’s time due to using Internet features such as VSN), and of emotions such as FoMO (Fear of Missing Out), which could be understood as indicators of a technological addiction. In a research on technological addictions, the objective was to analyze the relationship of problematic use of VSN with FoMO and cyberloafing, in users of information and communication technologies (ICT), of both sexes, from 25 to 65 years old, in Cordoba-Argentina. Data was collected with different local instruments, including 468 participants, with an average age of 42.18, (s.d. = 16.35) and users of at least one VSN. The range of use is 1 to 6 VSN (M = 3.10, D.E. = 2.09), with Whatsapp being the most used network (98.4%). 67.0% use their mobile phone to have permanent access to VSN. The average daily hours of use, self-reported, is 6.9 hours (D.E. = 6.93). 13.6% of the sample studied presented a pathological level of VSN use (dependence), and 27.1% made occasional use; 28.9% make abusive and / or pathological uses of ICT in general, and 8.9% depend on technology. Respect to FoMO, 27.5% have a moderate level and 17.6% have a severe level. 100% have some degree of cyberloafing, being moderate in 47.5% of cases and severe in 17.8%. The correlations between VSN addiction and the FoMO and cyberloafing variables are statistically significant, moderate and direct, although the indexes are modified when a specific VSN is analyzed, with Facebook being the one that produces the highest correlation for FoMO, and Twitter for the behavior of cyberloafing. This could be associated with the age range studied. The results allow us to affirm that the assumption of similarity in the addictive potential of all VSNs is incorrect, so it is important to study addiction that combines personal traits with network characteristics, and perform multivariate analyzes of FoMO and cyberloafing with 162 variables as satisfaction with life and work, school or work performance, need for physical contact, social connectivity and subjective well-being, among others. It is concluded that technological addictions can also occur in adults of different ages, with the negative consequences that it entails.

Background: Medical students make extensive use of virtual social networks, especially in the era of the coronavirus pandemic, so that their health-promoting behaviors may be adversely affected. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the use of virtual social networks and a health-promoting lifestyle among postgraduate medical students. Materials &amp; Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among post-graduate students studying at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. A total of 240 students were included using quota sampling method. Data were collected via valid and reliable questionnaires consisting of socio-demographic information, health-promoting lifestyle Profile-II, and virtual social networks utilization. The spearman test was employed to evaluate the association between virtual social networks and lifestyle. Results: The mean age of participants was 32.21±7.45 and 75.4% were female. The mean score of lifestyle was 138.28±21.18, while the mean score of virtual social networks utilization was (64.55±11.40). There was a statistically significant correlation between utilization of virtual social networks and total score of lifestyle (r=-0.189, P=0.003), as well as physical activity (r=-0.232, P=0.001), nutrition (r=-0.179, P=0.005), and self-actualization (r=-0.154 , P=0.017) of health promoting lifestyle. Linear regression model showed that utilization of internet and social networks (B=-0.37, P=0.02), utilization in the time between 12 pm and 8 am (B=-14.3, P=0.011) were independently associated with Health Promoting Lifestyle score. Conclusion: This study showed that more than half of students had a healthy lifestyle (55%). The average score of virtual social networks used by students was high. Utilization of internet and the time of utilization were independent predictors of Health Promoting Lifestyle score.

Identity is one of the most basic human needs. Humans are directly confronted with this issue as soon as they become aware of it, but the important point is the effects of the environmental situation on identity changes. Various factors affect the strengthening and weakening of collective identities. Recognizing these factors and measuring their status at the community level, in addition to being able to predict the future state of collective values, puts identity policy on a more precise and correct path. The present study aimed to predict modern identity based on national, ethnic and religious identity. The research community included all students of Tehran universities who were selected as a sample using 400 multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instrument used in the present study was the National and Social Identity Questionnaire of Solgi et al. Simultaneous correlation and regression were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-25 software. The results showed that national, ethnic and religious identities have a positive and significant correlation with modern identities and also national, religious and ethnic identities have the ability to predict modern identities. Therefore, it can be said that modern identity is not a competitor for national, religious and ethnic identity.

مقدمه: از آنجا که میزان باروری با عوامل اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی مرتبط است، شناسایی دقیق این عوامل ضرورت دارد. ایران در مرحله نزول روند رشد جمعیتی قرار دارد و مواردی که می‌تواند نقش مؤثری در روند کاهش باروری داشته باشد، پیشرفت تکنولوژی است. نمونه‌ای از تکنولوژی، گسترش صنعت ارتباطات به ویژه شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین ارتباط بین استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی و گرایش به فرزندآوری در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. روش‌کار: این مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1394 بر روی 909 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی و علوم پزشکی مشهد انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسشنامه اطلاعات فردی، پرسشنامه استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی در 5 بعد و پرسشنامه گرایش به فرزندآوری بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS (نسخه 19) و آزمون‌های کولموگروف- اسمیرنوف و ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن انجام شد. میزانp کمتر از 05/0 معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: در میان ابعاد استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی، شدت استفاده با درصد میانگین 60، از بقیه ابعاد بیشتر بود. نوع استفاده، شدت استفاده و میزان کنشگری با گرایش به فرزندآوری ارتباط مثبت و معنی‌داری داشتند (001/0>p) و میزان استفاده و طول مدت عضویت ارتباط معنی‌داری نداشتند (25/0=p). سن، بُعد خانوار و مقطع تحصیلی نیز با گرایش به فرزندآوری ارتباط منفی و معنی‌داری داشتند (002/0>p). نتیجه‌ گیری: باروری افراد بیشتر متأثر از ویژگی‌های فردی مانند سن و بُعد خانوار است. به نظر می‌رسد به طور کلی استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی بر کاهش تمایل به باروری تأثیری نداشته است.

The adoption of innovation for market penetration of small firms tends to consider the effectiveness of communication channels. In this study we investigate the adoption of communication and advertising innovations, the use of virtual social networks, in a sample of 227 small firms in the Brazilian countryside. We analyse how distinct communication objectives of a firm influence the choice of using virtual social networks to build links between firms and customers. We also look at the role of paid advertising in virtual social networks. Main results show a trend of such firms to engage in virtual social networks when they are targeting at stronger brand image and when building deeper links through brand information with their public. Firms also tend to use advertising in virtual social networks when intending to raise brand recall from their brand portfolio.

This is a dissertation project for the Academic Master in Health Care Sciences at the Fluminense Federal University. Primary Aim: To analyze the demand for education in health in virtual social networks for adolescents who live with chronic renal diseases. Specific Aims: To describe the experiences of adolescents who live with chronic renal diseases with the use of virtual social networks to acquire information related to health; to identify the demand for health education of adolescents in virtual social networks and report the effects of these demands of these adolescents on the role of the nurse. Method: This is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, to be performed based on semi-structured interviews with adolescents that live with chronic renal diseases and who search for information related to health in virtual social networks.

Virtual Social Networks (VSN) act as a catalyst for the success of the active participation of citizens in information sharing, collaboration, and decision making. VSN based e-participation tools allow many-to-many communication and collaboration near real-time with users who might be in geographically dispersed locations. It provides a platform to voice opinions and perspectives and share them with others in new and innovative ways. Cybersecurity is a key area that needs to be considered for the success and continuous use of e-participation systems as it protects user privacy and helps to avoid scams, harassment, and misinformation. The intervening effect of cybersecurity protection mechanisms and citizens' education level on the relationship between VSN diffusion and e-participation initiatives is explored in the proposed research model presented in this paper. Moreover, this research model is explored for different stages of e-participation (e-information, e-consultation, and e-decision making) and the five dimensions of cybersecurity (legal, technical, organizational, capacity building, and cooperation). The findings indicate that improved VSN usage has increased e-participation (especially in e-consultation and e-decision making) as a result of improved cybersecurity protection and public education, highlighting the varying importance of different cybersecurity protection measures for three stages of e-participation. Thus, considering the recent problems like platform manipulation, misinformation and data breaches associated with the use of VSN for e-participation, this study emphasizes the importance of regulations, policies, partnerships, technical frameworks, and research to ensure cybersecurity, as well as the importance of education to enable the public to interact productively in e-participation activities. This study is performed using publicly available data from 115 countries and the research model is developed, drawing theoretical basis from the Protection Motivation Theory, Structuration Theory, and Endogenous Growth Theory. This paper recognizes the theoretical and practical implications, and limitations while recommending future research directions.

PurposeAcademics recently identified a lack of research regarding who should guide interactions in virtual social networks when risks appear. Data shows that organizers are usually less active than other users in this context, which can lead to negative reactions among attendees. This research examines if and how virtual social network communication guided by an official source (vs a nonofficial source vs control group) reduces perceived crime risks and trust before the event, leading to lower ambivalence and higher intention to attend. The study was conducted in Colombia, a country where many individuals face this type of risk.Design/methodology/approachFirst-year university students (N = 210) from Colombia were invited to a “Welcome Cocktail”. Two weeks before the cocktail, they were divided into three groups (70 per condition) to receive information. In Group 1, participants were invited to be part of a WhatsApp group administered by one of the organizers. In Group 2, they participated in a WhatsApp group administered by a student. Group 3 was the control (i.e. no virtual communication established before the event). One week after the meeting, they were gathered again and answered a questionnaire, which measured perceived crime risk, trust, ambivalence and intention to attend.FindingsParticipants in the WhatsApp group administered by an official source perceived lower risk and higher trust in the organizers, which led to lower ambivalence towards the event and higher intention to attend it. The relationship between ambivalence and intention to attend is moderated by the nationality of the participants (locals vs foreigners), such as, at equal levels of ambivalence, foreigners show lower intention to attend the event.Originality/valueThis is the first study that compares different approaches on a virtual social network to reduce perceived crime risk in event management. The results present new findings on how the presence of an official source can mitigate this risk, and which potential attendees (i.e. locals vs foreigners) are especially benefited from it. The findings are particularly useful for managers in regions where attendees face crime risks every day, and might feel low trust towards public and private institutions, such as in Colombia.

Based on previous research in the literature of symbolic consumption and social media, the present study analyses the relationship between tourism experience self-congruity, perceived social value and tourists’ use of virtual social networks. The study presents a series of hypotheses and an empirical model, which establishes the relationship between these constructs. In order to contrast the hypotheses, a quantitative research was carried out in the city of Valencia (Spain), using a structured survey and personal interviews. During the analysis of the results, the reliability and the validity of the scales used to measure the constructs were verified by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Subsequently, the methodology of the structural equation models (SEM) was used to estimate the relation between the constructs.The results show that tourists perceive higher social value when they live a tourism experience that is congruent with their self-concepts and, when tourists perceive higher social value, the revisit intention increases. When it comes to virtual social networks, experience self-congruity and perceived social value influence their use. Finally, the use of social networks also increases the perceived social value of the experience.

Social capital includes concepts such as participation, interaction, trust, compatibility and safety of members of a group or a community is important and effective in achieving the goals of the society. The present study examines the relationship between the use of virtual social networks with social capital amongst students at Farhangian university( Shahid Beheshti campus) culture. Using Cochran formula, a sample size of 221 out of 493 students studying at the University of Farhangian (Shahid Beheshti campus) in academic year 2014-15 was determined and then crosssectional questionnaire through a survey was conducted. To test the hypotheses, we used descriptive and inferential test-i-e- Pearson test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software. The results show that 27.6 percent of students had not joined the virtual network, 11.8 percent and 60.6 percent were willing to join current members. Among the indicators of social capital ,social interaction was found to be with the lowest average of 25.56 and social health with the highest average of 33.50.Hypotheses test results showed that there was positive and increasing correlation between the use of virtual social networks and social capital components (participation, trust, harmony and social health).

Nowadays, due to the increasing trend in use of Virtual Social Networks (VSNs) as one of the most important communicative instruments among students in societies and worldwide, it is essential to research in this issue. The aim of this study is to assess the difference in academic performance of male and female students who use VSNs. The present research is a quantitative and descriptive study. The statistical population involved all the full-time male and female students who were attending high school second-course grades in the academic year of 2016–2017 in Taybad. Total sample sizes of 297 students were selected by the simple random sampling. Instruments used in the study consisted of a self-developed questionnaire (reliability α: 0.84). The difference of the cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) in the last two semesters was used to analyze the academic performance. This difference in means of two samples was analyzed using independent t-test. The study found that there was no difference in GPA of male and female students who use VSNs. Also, it can be concluded that male and female students are same in the Academic Performance score. The implications of these findings are discussed.