Abstract
Abstract. Coastal regions of China feature high population densities as well as wind-sensitive structures and are therefore vulnerable to tropical cyclones (TCs) with approximately six to eight landfalls annually. This study predicts TC wind hazard curves in terms of design wind speed versus return periods for major coastal cities of China to facilitate TC-wind-resistant design and disaster mitigation as well as insurance-related risk assessment. The 10 min wind information provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) from 1977 to 2015 is employed to rebuild TC wind field parameters (radius of maximum winds Rmax,s and shape parameter of radial pressure profile Bs) at surface level using a height-resolving boundary layer model. These parameters will be documented to develop an improved JMA dataset. The probabilistic behaviors of historical tracks and wind field parameters at the first time step within a 500 km radius subregion centered at a site of interest are examined to determine preferable probability distribution models before stochastically generating correlated genesis parameters utilizing the Cholesky decomposition method. Recursive models are applied for translation speed, Rmax,s and Bs during the TC track and wind field simulations. Site-specific TC wind hazards are studied using 10 000-year Monte Carlo simulations and compared with code suggestions as well as other studies. The resulting estimated wind speeds for northern cities (Ningbo and Wenzhou) under a TC climate are higher than code recommendations, while those for southern cities (Zhanjiang and Haikou) are lower. Other cities show a satisfactory agreement with code provisions at the height of 10 m. Some potential reasons for these findings are discussed to emphasize the importance of independently developing hazard curves of TC winds.
Highlights
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are rapidly rotating storms characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, high storm surges and even devastating tornadoes
It has been estimated that more than 1600 fatalities and CNY 80 billion of direct economic loss can be attributed to TCs and subsequent floods in 2006 alone in coastal regions of China (Liu et al, 2009), demonstrating that this area is extremely vulnerable to TC damage
It is an issue of great importance to analyze TC wind hazards to support wind-resistant design as well as disaster mitigation and insurance-related risk assessment
Summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are rapidly rotating storms characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, high storm surges and even devastating tornadoes. Wind field parameters such as the radius of maximum wind speed Rmax and shape parameter of radial pressure profile B were statistically modeled as functions of surface central pressure deficit, TC eye center latitude and sea surface temperature (Vickery et al, 2000b; Vickery and Wadhera, 2008; Xiao et al, 2011; Zhao et al, 2013; FEMA, 2015; Fang et al, 2018b) This facilitated TC-related hazard assessment by carrying out a large number of scenarios using a Monte Carlo algorithm since the historical track information is readily available in each best-track dataset. 10 000-year Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the TC wind hazard for 10 coastal cities of China
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