Estimation of exhaust and non-exhaust gaseous, particulate matter and air toxics emissions from on-road vehicles in Delhi

Abstract

Abstract Analysis of emissions from on-road vehicles in an Indian megacity, Delhi, have been performed by comparing exhaust emissions of gaseous, particulate matter and mobile source air toxics (MSATs), together with volatile organic compound (VOCs) and PM 10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm) from non-exhaust vehicular sources, during the past (1991–2011) and future (2011–2020) scenarios. Results indicate that emissions of most of the pollutants from private vehicles (two wheelers and cars) have increased by 2- to 18-times in 2020 over the 1991 levels. Two wheelers found to be dominating the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO, 29–51%), hydrocarbons (HC, 45–73%), acetaldehyde (46–51%) and total poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 37–42%). Conversely, private cars were found to be responsible for the majority of the carbon dioxide (CO 2, 24–42%), 1,3-butadiene (72–89%), benzene (60–82%), formaldehyde (23–44%) and total aldehyde (27–52%) between 1991 and 2011. The heavy-duty commercial vehicles (HCVs) shows their accountability for most of the nitrogen oxide (NO x , 18–41%) and PM 10 (33–43%) emissions during the years 1991–2011. In terms of PM 10 emissions, vehicular exhaust contributed by 21–55%, followed by road dust (42–73%) and brake wear (3–5%) between 1991 and 2011. After 2002, non-exhaust emissions (e.g. road dust, brake wear and tyre wear) together indicate higher accountability (66–86%) for PM 10 emission than the exhaust emissions (14–34%). The temporal trend of emissions of NO x and CO show reasonable agreement with available ambient air concentrations that were monitored at locations, significantly influenced by vehicular activity. Encouraging results were emerged, showing a good correlation coefficient for CO (0.94) and NO x (0.68).