Estimation of entropy generation and heat transfer of magnetohydrodynamic quadratic radiative Darcy–Forchheimer cross hybrid nanofluid (GO + Ag/kerosene oil) over a stretching sheet

Abstract

The steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer behavior of Darcy–Forchheimer non-Newtonian (Cross) hybrid nanofluid consisting of Go/Kerosene oil and Go + Ag/Kerosene oil through the porous medium past astretched sheet are analyzed here. The heat energy is augmented with quadratic thermal radiation, Ohmic heating, and convective boundary conditions. There is a huge market for nanotechnology, and the development of these materials can be predicted to be very light. Non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids have several uses in the biomedical, culinary, industrial, and polymer industries. The governing set of nonlinear partial differential equations is converted to ordinary differential equations before being solved numerically. Numerical simulation is completed through MATLAB solver bvp4c by setting the default tolerance. The solver is applied recursively to achieve the desired accuracy in picking the best blend of the assorted parameters we entrenched in the system. The influence of different fluid flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, skin friction, and local Nusselt number are analyzed tabularly and graphically. It is observed that velocity and temperature profile upsurges for the higher values of Weissenberg number. It is also found that quadratic thermal radiation has a significant impact on fluid temperature and heat transfer rate. Forchheimer number and magnetic field resistance make the flow slower and cause enhancement in liquid temperature. Further, adding a volume fraction of silver with Graphene oxide becomes responsible for stabilizing the flow and enhancing heat transportation. The entropy generation becomes more significant with quadratic thermal radiation and Eckert number.