Abstract
In this study we used RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar data for measuring subsidence above a flooded potash mine, which is almost entirely located within the city of Berezniki (Perm Krai, Russia), population 150,000. This area has experienced very fast subsidence since October 2006 when the integrity of the Berezniki-1 mine was compromised, resulting in water intrusion, subsequent flooding and closure of the mine. Due to the ongoing dissolution of carnallite, subsidence in this region is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. In addition to rapid subsidence, at least five sinkholes have formed in the region, with the largest being 440 × 320 m. We observed ground subsidence during the period October 2011–April 2014 (RADARSAT-2) with a vertical rate up to 14 cm/year and horizontal rate up to 10 cm/year; during the period July 2016–June 2020 (Sentinel-1) with a vertical rate up to 17 cm/year. Our results were validated by precise leveling, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.75. Subsidence faster than 17 cm/year observed by precise leveling was not resolvable with Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR). Our results show the complementary nature of ground-based and space-borne measurement techniques. The precise leveling captures subsidence along profile lines with high precision but lower temporal resolution, while DInSAR captures subsidence with high spatial and temporal resolutions but with lower precision. DInSAR is also significantly affected by decorrelation outside of urban areas. An important advantage of our methodology is the ability to measure the horizontal east component of the ground deformation when both, ascending and descending, data are available. This measurement directly characterizes the level of anthropogenic load on buildings and infrastructure. We recommend continuing monitoring subsidence using both measurement techniques, which can also be complemented by continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
Highlights
Underground mining often causes ground subsidence at surface [1,2,3,4,5,6]
In the case of the Berezniki Potash Mine 1 (Berezniki-1), it was assumed that the structural integrity of the impermeable layer of rock, known as waterproof formation, located between the ceiling of the topmost mined seam and the base of the lowermost aquifer, could be preserved indefinitely and ground subsidence contained
We exploit the high-resolution RADARSAT-2 SAR data acquired during the period October 2011–April 2014 and the moderate resolution Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired during the period July 2016–June 2020
Summary
Underground mining often causes ground subsidence at surface [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Under certain assumptions, the rate and extent of ground subsidence can be predicted in advance [7,8,9] and mitigation measures can be implemented in a timely manner [10,11,12]. The largest (440 × 320 m) sinkhole was formed on 28 July 2007 in the area where water intrusion occurred (green polygons in the insert of Figure 1). We exploit the high-resolution RADARSAT-2 SAR data acquired during the period October 2011–April 2014 and the moderate resolution Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired during the period July 2016–June 2020 These data are processed with the Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset (MSBAS) software [21,22] to produce one dimensional (1D, line-of-sight) and two dimensional (2D, east and vertical) time series of ground deformation and linear deformation rates. We compare our remote sensing measurement with the current ground leveling measurements and provide recommendations on an optimal monitoring strategy
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