Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the highest cause of mortality globally each year. This puts a massive strain not only on the lives of those affected, but also on the public healthcare systems. To understand the dynamics of the healthy and unhealthy heart, doctors commonly use an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) readings. These methods are often quite invasive, particularly when continuous arterial blood pressure (ABP) readings are taken, and not to mention very costly. Using machine learning methods, we develop a framework capable of inferring ABP from a single optical photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor alone. We train our framework across distributed models and data sources to mimic a large-scale distributed collaborative learning experiment that could be implemented across low-cost wearables. Our time-series-to-time-series generative adversarial network (T2TGAN) is capable of high-quality continuous ABP generation from a PPG signal with a mean error of 2.95 mmHg and a standard deviation of 19.33 mmHg when estimating mean arterial pressure on a previously unseen, noisy, independent dataset. To our knowledge, this framework is the first example of a GAN capable of continuous ABP generation from an input PPG signal that also uses a federated learning methodology.
Highlights
Chronic heart disease was the number one cause of death from 2000 to 2019, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), and was responsible for 16% of the total worldwide deaths in 2019 [1]
This paper presents our novel framework for implementing continuous arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurement using a PPG sensor alone
We demonstrate a decentralised learning approach to continuous ABP measurement that is capable of real-world implementation on a large scale and does not compromise patient privacy
Summary
Chronic heart disease was the number one cause of death from 2000 to 2019, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), and was responsible for 16% of the total worldwide deaths in 2019 [1]. Heart disease has shown the most significant increase in deaths during this period. Continuous measurements of the cardiac state has proven very difficult. The most commonly used indicator for measuring the state of the heart is blood pressure (BP), which is often gathered using a sphygmomanometer cuff, a finapres, or an arterial catheter. Sphygmomanometers provide spot measurements for BP over a very short time interval, and arterial catheters are an extremely invasive method of continuous BP measurement. The finapres is an alternative for continuous and unobtrusive
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