Abstract
A benchmark dose low (BMDL) is used as a replacement for the no observed adverse effect level. The threshold levels of urinary cadmium (Cd) as BMDL were estimated using data from the Kakehashi River basin. The target population (≥50 years) comprised 3178 and 294 participants inhabiting Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas, respectively. Cut-off values for β2-MG-uria were defined as the 84 and 95% upper limit values calculated from control subjects, and 1000 µg/l or µg/g cr of β2-MG. Using these cut-off values, the BMDL at which the excess risk is 0.05 was determined to be 2.9 – 4.0 µg/g cr (males) and 1.5 – 3.6 µg/g cr (females). The present study demonstrated that a BMD approach is useful to estimate the threshold level of urinary Cd in Cd-exposed subjects and people living in general environment without any known Cd-pollution since a BMD approach does not need abnormality rates of urinary findings in the controls.
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