Abstract
Milk is nearly a perfect natural food and is widely used by all segments of our population especially for infants and the elderly. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in many African countries as in Egypt for the control of pests. OCPs are characterized by their bioaccumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. The objectives of this study were initially to estimate the residual concentrations of different OCPs in three kinds of fresh and raw milk from different animals (cattle, buffalo, and goat) marketed in Egypt. Additionally, human dietary intake and risk assessment of OCPs were calculated. The tested OCPs included pp-DDT and its metabolites pp-DDD and pp-DDE; hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) including α HCH and γ HCH; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; aldrin and endrin; chlordane, methoxychlor, and hexachloride benzene. The recorded results revealed that goat and buffalo milk samples had the highest incidence of OCPs' contamination (75% for each), while this percentage was 50% in cow's milk. The mean values of ΣOCPs were 317.83 ± 34.11, 605 ± 50.54, and 1210.57 ± 99.55 (ppb/ww) in the examined cattle, buffalo, and goat milk samples, respectively. All examined OCPs were within the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by World Health Organization with only 10% of goat milk samples exceeding this MRL. The estimated daily intake, noncancer, and cancer health risk assessment of the tested OCPs revealed the potential cancer risk especially among children consuming goat's milk. The public health importance of such OCPs was discussed.
Highlights
IntroductionBioactive substance to promote growth and development of infant mammals
Milk is a complex, bioactive substance to promote growth and development of infant mammals
To estimate human health risks due to ingestion of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contaminated milk among Egyptian populations, both estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated based on the equations recommended by USEPA [8]
Summary
Bioactive substance to promote growth and development of infant mammals. Due to the lipophilic nature of these pesticides, milk and other fat-rich substances are the key items for their accumulation [3] These toxicants get into the human body through the food chain and cause serious health hazards [4]. Pesticides are frequently used in Egypt to control pests or directly spread into animal skin for prevention and control of external parasites. These chemicals may find their way into animal body and subsequently pass into milk causing several toxicological implications for both animal and human if contaminated milk or other dairy products were consumed [5]. The dietary intake, carcinogenic, and noncarcinogenic risks due to consumption of such contaminated milk were calculated
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