Abstract
Using high-resolution satellite data to perform routine (i.e., daily to weekly) monitoring of surface evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration (ET) (or LE, i.e., latent heat flux) has not been feasible because of the low frequency of satellite coverage over regions of interest (i.e., approximately every two weeks). Cloud cover further reduces the number of useable observations, and the utility of these data for routine ET or LE monitoring is limited. Moderate-resolution satellite imagery is available multiple times per day; however, the spatial resolution of these data is too coarse to enable the estimation of ET from individual agricultural fields or variations in ET or LE. The objective of this study is to combine high-resolution satellite data collected in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands with data from the MODIS thermal-infrared (TIR) bands to estimate subpixel surface LE. Two temperature-sharpening methods, the disaggregation procedure for radiometric surface temperature (DisTrad) and the geographically-weighted regression (GWR)-based downscaling algorithm, were used to obtain accurate subpixel land surface temperature (LST) within the Zhangye oasis in China, where the surface is heterogeneous. The downscaled LSTs were validated using observations collected during the HiWATER-MUSOEXE (Multi-Scale Observation Experiment on Evapotranspiration) project. In addition, a remote sensing-based energy balance model was used to compare subpixel MODIS LST-based turbulent heat fluxes estimates with those obtained using the two LST downscaling approaches. The footprint validation results showed that the direct use of the MODIS LST approach does not consider LST heterogeneity at all, leading to significant errors (i.e., the root mean square error is 73.15 W·m−2) in LE, whereas the errors in the LE estimates obtained using DisTrad and GWR were 45.84 W·m−2 and 47.38 W·m−2, respectively. Furthermore, additional analysis showed that the ability of DisTrad and GWR to capture subpixel LST variations depends on the value of Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and the surface type within the flux contribution source area.
Highlights
As a major component of the surface energy balance and the water budget, evapotranspiration (ET) has substantial effects on global climate change, water management and crop yields [1,2,3]
The disaggregation procedure for radiometric surface temperature (DisTrad) downscaling method and the geographically-weighted regression (GWR)-based downscaling algorithm have been shown to be effective in obtaining the surface temperatures within
−26.52 W·m−2, respectively, and are less than that of MODIS land surface temperature (LST) based on the footprint validation results
Summary
As a major component of the surface energy balance and the water budget, evapotranspiration (ET) has substantial effects on global climate change, water management and crop yields [1,2,3]. 2017, 9, 836 the water transferred from the land surface to the atmosphere, and the latent heat accompanying ET is LE, where L is the latent heat of vaporization. Satellite-based remote sensing has been identified as a more suitable mean of mapping the spatial distribution of ET or LE [4]. The land surface is highly heterogeneous in terms of its geometric and physical aspects, and the transfer or exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere are likely to be nonlinear. Models and methods developed assuming a homogeneous land surface may confront serious problems in the estimation of ET or LE using medium- or coarse-resolution data [5].
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