Abstract

Background: In hospitalized decompensated heart failure (HF) patients, loop diuretics remain the cornerstone of therapy for volume reduction; however, diuretic dosing in clinical practice remains empiric, as clinical trial data is lacking. Optimal diuretic dosing is important for two reasons: too low a dose may prolong symptoms and the potentially deleterious state of congestion, while too high a dose can lead to hemodynamic perturbations, pre-renal state, and excessive neurohormonal stimulation.

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