Estimating design operating characteristics in Bayesian adaptive clinical trials.

Abstract

Bayesian adaptive designs have gained popularity in all phases of clinical trials with numerous new developments in the past few decades. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the need to establish evidence for the effectiveness of vaccines, therapeutic treatments, and policies that could resolve or control the crisis emphasized the advantages offered by efficient and flexible clinical trial designs. In many COVID‐19 clinical trials, because of the high level of uncertainty, Bayesian adaptive designs were considered advantageous. Designing Bayesian adaptive trials, however, requires extensive simulation studies that are generally considered challenging, particularly in time‐sensitive settings such as a pandemic. In this article, we propose a set of methods for efficient estimation and uncertainty quantification for design operating characteristics of Bayesian adaptive trials. Specifically, we model the sampling distribution of Bayesian probability statements that are commonly used as the basis of decision making. To showcase the implementation and performance of the proposed approach, we use a clinical trial design with an ordinal disease‐progression scale endpoint that was popular among COVID‐19 trials. However, the proposed methodology may be applied generally in the clinical trial context where design operating characteristics cannot be obtained analytically.