Abstract
Natural teeth are supported by connective tissue collagen fibers that insert perpendicularly in the tooth cementum. Perpendicular insertion plays an important role in the maintenance of the junction between the oral epithelium and the periodontal connective tissue. Most titanium dental implant surfaces have no micro or macro structure to support perpendicularly oriented collagen attachment. Without this tight biologic seal to resist bacterial invasion and epithelial downgrowth, progressive bone loss in peri-implantitis is seen around dental implants. The purpose of this study was to establish the perpendicularly oriented collagen attachment to titanium oxide nanotube (TNT), and to assess its binding stability. TNT was prepared on the titanium-surface by anodization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a regularly aligned TNT with an average 67 nm-diameter when anodized at 30 V for 3 h. Subsequently, collagen type I (CoI) was electrophoretically fused to anodic TNT in native polyacrylamide gel system where negatively charged CoI-C term was perpendicularly navigated to TNT. SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze CoI on the TiO2 and TNT surface. Several tens of nanometers of CoI protrusion were recorded by AFM. These protrusions may be long enough to be priming sites for cell-secreted CoI. CoI laid parallel to the titanium surface when fused by a chemical linker. Binding resistance of CoI against drastic ultrasonication was measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). The electrophoretically fused CoI in the titanium nanotube (TNT–CoIEPF) showed the significantly greatest binding resistance than the other groups (P < 0.01, a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test). Furthermore, TNT–CoIEPF surface rejected epithelial cell stretching and epithelial sheet formation. Chemically linked horizontal CoI on titanium oxide (TiO2) facilitated epithelial cell stretching and sheet formation.
Highlights
A dental implant may be the treatment choice for fixed prosthodontics for partially edentulous or edentulous patients, implant-related complications are frequently reported [1]
We focused our attention on the size and structure of the titanium oxide nanotube (TNT) as a potential seeding vessel for triple helix monomers of collagen type I (CoI)
Optimization of TNT fabrication on the titanium surface Regularly aligned array of TNT with 67 nm-diameter in average was observed in Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) when anodized at 30 V for 3 h (Fig. 3n)
Summary
A dental implant may be the treatment choice for fixed prosthodontics for partially edentulous or edentulous patients, implant-related complications are frequently reported [1]. The junctional epithelium (JE) in healthy dentition attaches to the tooth surface with basal lamina (BL) at the cervical level, and perpendicular attachment of dentogingival fibers block the downgrowth of the epithelium [7]. Bundles of collagen fibers run parallel, circumferentially around the implant surface, and are not able to resist the epithelial downgrowth [8, 9]. The combination of weak epithelial attachment creating a vulnerable pocket for biofilm invasion and lack of perpendicular connective tissue attachment to resist further downgrowth allows for rapid and progressive destruction in peri-implantitis. A generation of dental implant with BL-mediated JE attachment supported by perpendicular connective tissue attachment at the implant/abutment interface is needed
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