Abstract
In the past decade, marine protected areas (MPAs) have become an increasingly used tool for science-based conservation and adaptive management of marine biodiversity and related natural resources. In this review paper, we report on rather complete time-course series (55 years uninterrupted) focusing on comparison of the strong difference, in number and area, in establishing marine (56 MNRs) and terrestrial (4284 TNRs) nature reserves in Sweden versus marine (7001 MPAs) and terrestrial (132742 TPAs) protected areas globally. Sweden appears to follow the overall global time trends. The large backlog of MPAs in relation to TPAs is due to several possible reasons, such as (i) unclear marine jurisdiction, (ii) marine conservation policies and programs developed later than terrestrial, (iii) higher costs for marine conservation management, (iv) conflicts in marine conservation, especially the fishery, and (v) the general public's historically weak awareness of the status of the marine environment.
Highlights
World nature conservation has a long history
From the start of modern nature conservation in the 1960s, the main focus of the County Administrative Boards (CABs) was on the protection of terrestrial environments
Guidelines for fishing in marine protected areas have been developed by Swedish Agency for Water Management (SwAM) (HaV 2013)
Summary
In the United States, the conservation movement to preserve and protect America’s wildlife, wild land, and other natural resources developed gradually between 1850 and 1920 (van Hise 1910; Gubay 1995). Started in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and with the first national parks established in 1909 (Hogdahl 1910). It was really only after the Second World War that modern Swedish nature conservation was established (Wramner and Nygard 2010). This Report and the Act formed the standard for the care of the natural environment, environmental protection, nature conservation, and sustainable management of natural resources in the country
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