Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysts in solution have been studied by means of electron spectroscopy. Different anion-cation distributions at the surface were found depending on the anion identity. Thus, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and tributyl-3-iodopropylammonium iodide show strong evidence of the formation of contact ion pairs at the surface. Conversely, the tetrabutylammonium nitrate and chloride show a more diffuse character of the anion distribution with respect to the surface. The observed differences in surface structure between the salts correlate with the variation in transfer coefficients from aqueous to organic phase
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