Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis infection is one of the causes of implant failures, which can lead to peri-implantitis. Implant surface roughness is reportedly related strongly to P. gingivalis adhesion, which can lead to peri-implantitis and, later, cell adhesion. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on titanium (Ti) disc surfaces and its interaction with bacterial adhesion and fibroblast viability. Ti discs underwent two treatments: autoclaving (control) and erbium, chromium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser treatment (test). Ti disc surfaces were examined with scanning electronic microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface roughness same as wettability were also investigated. Fibroblast viability was assessed with the water-soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST-1) test, and osteoblast differentiation was assessed with the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay. Bacterial structure and colony formation were detected with scanning electron microscopy and Gram stain. In comparison to control discs, the test discs showed smoother surfaces, with 0.25-µm decrease in surface roughness (p < 0.05); lower P. gingivalis adhesion (p < 0.01); less P. gingivalis colonization (p < 0.05); and increased fibroblast viability and osteoblast differentiation (p < 0.05). Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment improved disc surfaces by making them slightly smoother, which reduced P. gingivalis adhesion and increased fibroblast viability and osteoblast differentiation. Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment can be considered a good option for managing peri-implantitis. Further investigations of laser-assisted therapy are necessary for better guidelines in the treatment of peri-implantitis.
Highlights
Dental implants represent a breakthrough in dentistry [1,2,3]
± 2.98% on day 4, and 67.25% ± 2.98% on day 5. These results show that P. gingivalis adhesion was adhesion was slightly lower on Er,Cr:YSGG
This study showed that Er,Cr:YSGG laser reduced bacterial adhesion and increased fibroblast adhesion on dental implant material, with subsequent smoother surfaces that interrupted the initial adhesion on dental implant material, with subsequent smoother surfaces that interrupted the initial phase of adhesion
Summary
Dental implants represent a breakthrough in dentistry [1,2,3]. Annually, 12 to 18 million dental implants are estimated to be sold on a global scale [4,5]. Materials 2020, 13, 756 and the longer follow-up periods have shown an increased incidence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, diseases that have become targets of prevention and treatment in daily dental practice. Peri-implant mucositis is caused primarily by a disruption of host–microbe homeostasis at the implant–mucosa interface and is a reversible condition [11]. This lesion can transform into peri-implantitis, which in the 2017 World Workshop was defined as a pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant connective tissue and by progressive loss of supporting bone [12]
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