Abstract
Based on the zinc–nickel single-flow battery, a generalized electrical simulation model considering the effects of flow rate, self-discharge, and pump power loss is proposed. The results compared with the experiment show that the simulation results considering the effect of self-discharge are closer to the experimental values, and the error range of voltage estimation during charging and discharging is between 0% and 3.85%. In addition, under the rated electrolyte flow rate and different charge–discharge currents, the estimation of Coulomb efficiency by the simulation model is in good agreement with the experimental values. Electrolyte flow rate is one of the parameters that have a great influence on system performance. Designing a suitable flow controller is an effective means to improve system performance. In this paper, the genetic algorithm and the theoretical minimum flow multiplied by different flow factors are used to optimize the variable electrolyte flow rate under dynamic SOC (state of charge). The comparative analysis results show that the flow factor optimization method is a simple means under constant charge–discharge power, while genetic algorithm has better performance in optimizing flow rate under varying (dis-)charge power and state of charge condition in practical engineering.
Highlights
The shortage of primary energy and environmental problems have led to increased development of renewable energy in all countries of the world
Another significant contribution of this paper is to use flow factor multiplied by the theoretical minimum flow and genetic algorithm to determine an optimal flow rate for minimum loss in the zinc–nickel single-flow battery systems (ZNBs) system, considering both the internal power loss and pump power loss
The self-discharge of the zinc–nickel single-flow battery is mainly caused by the negative reaction of the negative electrode, which forms a microprimary battery on the surface of the negative electrode, which has a significant influence on the attenuation of the battery capacity
Summary
The shortage of primary energy and environmental problems have led to increased development of renewable energy in all countries of the world. The above equivalent circuit model established for the zinc–nickel single-flow battery does not consider the effects of self-discharge, electrolyte flow, and pump loss. Based on the preliminary work, a general electrical model considering the factor of flow rate, self-discharge, and pump loss which can accurately reflect the external characteristics of the stack is proposed in the paper. Another significant contribution of this paper is to use flow factor multiplied by the theoretical minimum flow and genetic algorithm to determine an optimal flow rate for minimum loss in the ZNBs system, considering both the internal power loss and pump power loss Such a comprehensive modeling of zinc–nickel single-flow batteries has not been reported in the literature available at home and abroad. The simulation model can support the design of efficient battery management systems for large-scale ZNBs energy storage system
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