Equivalence between Fermion-to-Qubit Mappings in two Spatial Dimensions

Abstract

We argue that all locality-preserving mappings between fermionic observables and Pauli matrices on a two-dimensional lattice can be generated from the exact bosonization in Chen et al. [Ann. Phys. (N. Y) 393, 234 (2018)], whose gauge constraints project onto the subspace of the toric code with emergent fermions. Starting from the exact bosonization and applying Clifford finite-depth generalized local unitary transformation, we can achieve all possible fermion-to-qubit mappings (up to the re-pairing of Majorana fermions). In particular, we discover a new supercompact encoding using 1.25 qubits per fermion on the square lattice. We prove the existence of finite-depth quantum circuits to obtain fermion-to-qubit mappings with qubit-fermion ratios r=1+1/2k for positive integers k, utilizing the trivialness of quantum cellular automata in two spatial dimensions. Also, we provide direct constructions of fermion-to-qubit mappings with ratios arbitrarily close to 1. When the ratio reaches 1, the fermion-to-qubit mapping reduces to the one-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation along a certain path in the two-dimensional lattice. Finally, we explicitly demonstrate that the Bravyi-Kitaev superfast simulation, the Verstraete-Cirac auxiliary method, Kitaev’s exactly solved model, the Majorana loop stabilizer codes, and the compact fermion-to-qubit mapping can all be obtained from the exact bosonization.21 MoreReceived 5 October 2022Revised 30 January 2023Accepted 16 February 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010326Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasBosonizationFermionsQuantum error correctionQuantum simulationTechniquesDualityQuantum Information