Equilibration and prethermalization in the Bose-Hubbard and Fermi-Hubbard models

Abstract

We study the Bose and Fermi Hubbard model in the (formal) limit of large coordination numbers $Z\gg1$. Via an expansion into powers of $1/Z$, we establish a hierarchy of correlations which facilitates an approximate analytical derivation of the time-evolution of the reduced density matrices for one and two sites etc. With this method, we study the quantum dynamics (starting in the ground state) after a quantum quench, i.e., after suddenly switching the tunneling rate $J$ from zero to a finite value, which is still in the Mott regime. We find that the reduced density matrices approach a (quasi) equilibrium state after some time. For one lattice site, this state can be described by a thermal state (within the accuracy of our approximation). However, the (quasi) equilibrium state of the reduced density matrices for two sites including the correlations cannot be described by a thermal state. Thus, real thermalization (if it occurs) should take much longer time. This behavior has already been observed in other scenarios and is sometimes called ``pre-thermalization.'' Finally, we compare our results to numerical simulations for finite lattices in one and two dimensions and find qualitative agreement.