Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE): Die design, affecting variables and development of mechanical behavior and properties of bio-metals

Abstract

There are numerous practices for producing nanocrystalline (NC) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals, composites, polymers and alloys; amongst which Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is one of the renowned techniques in metal forming processes under the severe plastic deformation process (SPD) in which a massive plastic strain is enforced on a bulk material. The novelty of this work is the design and fabrication of a split type of die specifically for carrying out ECAE on difficult-to-deform bio-metals. The die is designed for a channel angle of 120°. The study provides a detailed discussion of the pre and post-extrusion tests, process flowchart, and operational variables. This work offers a valuable opportunity to investigate the implications of the ECAE process for other challenging-to-deform metals. Additionally, the ultrafine-grained materials produced through ECAE have potential applications in industries such as automobile, power, and aerospace.