EPR signal reduction kinetic of several nitroxyl derivatives in blood in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

The present study is focused on the mechanism(s) of electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal reduction kinetic of several nitroxyl radicals and nitroxyl-labeled anticancer drugs in physiological solutions in the context of their application for evaluation of oxidation/reduction status of blood and tissues--an important step in biomedical diagnostics and planning of therapy of many diseases. The nitroxyl derivatives were characterized with different size and water-solubility. Some of them are originally synthesized. In buffer, in the absence of reducing and oxidizing equivalents, the EPR signal intensity of all nitroxyls was constant with the time. In serum and cell cultured medium, in an absence of cells and in a negligible amount of reducing and oxidizing equivalents, there was no significant EPR signal reduction, too. In vitro (in freshly isolated blood samples), the EPR signal intensity was characterized with slow decrease within 30 min, presumably as a result of interaction between the nitroxyl derivative and blood cells. The EPR spectrum of hydrophobic nitroxyls showed a slight anisotropy in cell-containing solutions and it did not changed in non-cell physiological solutions. This suggests for a limited motion of more hydrophobic nitroxyls through their preferable location in cell membranes. In vivo (in the bloodstream of mice under anesthesia), the EPR signal reduction kinetic was characterized by two phases: i) a rapid enhancement within 30 s as a result of increasing of nitroxyl concentration in the bloodstream after its intravenous injection, followed by ii) a rapid decrease (approximately 80-100%) within 2-5 min, presumably as a result of transportation of nitroxyl in the tissues. The hydrophobic nitroxyls were characterized with stronger and faster decrease in EPR signal intensity in the blood in vivo, as a result of their higher cell permeability, rapid clearance from the bloodstream and/or transportation in the surrounding tissues. The hydrophilic nitroxyls persist in the bloodstream (in their radical form) for a comparatively long time. The data suggest that the hydrophobic cell-permeable nitroxyl derivatives are most appropriate for evaluation of cell and tissue oxidation/reduction status, while the hydrophilic nitroxyls (impermeable for cell membranes or with very slow cell permeability) are most appropriate for evaluation of oxidation/reduction status of blood using EPR imaging.