Abstract
Epinecidin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The mature epinecidin-1 peptide is predicted to have an amphipathic α-helical structure and a non-helical hydrophilic domain at the C-terminal RRRH. The majority of work studying the potential pharmacological activities of epinecidin-1, utilize synthesized epinecidin-1 (Epi-1), which is made up of 21 amino acids, from the amino acid sequence of 22–42 residues of Epi-1—GFIFHIIKGLFHAGKMIHGLV. The synthetized Epi-1 peptide has been demonstrated to possess diverse pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and wound healing properties. It has also been utilized in different clinical and agricultural fields, including topical applications in wound healing therapy as well as the enhancement of fish immunity in aquaculture. Hence, the present work aims to consolidate the current knowledge and findings on the characteristics and pharmacological properties of epinecidin-1 and its potential applications.
Highlights
Marine antimicrobial peptide may be novel therapeutic agents, given that they are produced by marine organisms such as fish as a first line of defense against the various pathogens in the sea (Shabir et al, 2018)
Checkerboard titration method - Epi-1 is used to determine synergistic activity with clinically-used antibiotics in inhibiting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) In vivo: - A heat burned injury (3 cm) was created in pig model and treated with 1010 CFU/mL of MRSA (MRSA strain isolated clinically from stool sample which is resistant to ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, and ciprofloxacin). - At 6 h post infection with 1010 CFU/mL MRSA, the wounds were treated with Epi-1 concentrations equivalent to 0 (PBS only), 10 (90 μg/mL), 100 (900 μg/mL), 1,000 (9 mg/mL)-fold of the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for MRSA for 1 h
MRSA counts were estimated in surface wash sample concentrates MIC assay - Staphylococcus aureus (BCRC 10780) MIC assay - Staphylococcus sp. (BCRC 10451) - Staphylococcus aureus subsp. (BCRC10782) MIC assay - Staphylococcus agalactiae (819) - Staphylococcus agalactiae - Staphylococcus agalactiae (BCRC 10787) - Staphylococcus epidermidis (BCRC 10783) - Staphylococcus xylosus (BCRC12930) MIC assay - Streptococcus pneumonia (BCRC 10794) MIC assay - Streptococcus pyogenes (BCRC 10797) MIC assay - Propionibacterium acnes (BCRC 10723) minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay - Bacillus subtilis MIC assay - Enterococcus faecalis (BCRC 10066) MIC assay - Micrococcus luteus (BCRC 11034) MIC assay - Listeria monocytogenes (BCRC 10780) MIC assay - Vibrio alginolyticus
Summary
Marine antimicrobial peptide may be novel therapeutic agents, given that they are produced by marine organisms such as fish as a first line of defense against the various pathogens in the sea (Shabir et al, 2018). To investigate the pharmacological activities of epinecidin-1, a synthetic Epi-1 peptide (21 amino acids) consisting of amino acid residues 22–42 from the amino acid sequence of epinecidin has been successfully synthesized and purified for biological studies (Pan et al, 2007). Yin et al (2006) determined that the mature epinecidin-1 consists of 25 amino acids with the sequence of FIFHIIKGLFHAGKMIHGLVTRR RH (amino acid residues 23-47) It has 9 basic amino acids: histidine (H), lysine (K), and arginine (R) which contribute to the net positive charge of +5. Prior to 2018, there was no report on the direct isolation and purification of the mature form of epinecidin-1 peptide from Epinephelus coioides (E. coioides) grouper. Huang et al (2018c) reported for the first time on the identification of a truncated peptide with 20 amino acids sequence (EGFIFHIIKGLFHAG KMIHG) which has 100% sequence similarity and 85.7%
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