Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is currently known as a "metabolic organ" that significantly influences the health of the host from the first years of life, being a crucial factor for optimal development of immunity and regulation of different physiological processes such as digestion, absorption, metabolism and synthesis of nutrients. This work aims to show the relationship between epigenetics, the exposome and the development of the intestinal microbiota in the newborn according to the route of birth. A documentary review of the literature of the last 5 years was carried out and it was found that the majority of non-communicable diseases are due to epigenetic modifications that can occur in the prenatal stages, together with environmental factors that also contribute to these epigenetic changes, term known as an exposome. In this sense, the greatest exposure of microorganisms for the development of intestinal colonization is at the time of birth, being Bifidobacterium one of the most important genera that contribute to immune function, found to a lesser extent in newborns born by abdominal route (cesarean section ), this type has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, generating consequences in the development of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, food allergy and autism spectrum disorder. Allowing to conclude that both epigenetics and the exposome and the intestinal microbiota are simultaneously related from the early stages of life and can be the cause of various non-communicable diseases.
Highlights
The period of life in which the epigenetic modifications of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are most intense goes from conception to 2 years of age, known as the "period of 1000 days", at this time early nutrition, psychic factors and the environment through epigenetic changes may play a key role in the programming of neonatal fetal development by influencing the susceptibility of the subsequent development of noncommunicable diseases [1]
It was related to the development of the intestinal microbiota in the full-term neonate, with its possible alterations according to the route of birth
With the technological advance that has led to the emergence of next-generation sequencing techniques, in addition to complex bioinformatic platforms [20], it has been determined that the intestinal microbiota is made up of four bacterial phyla: Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (Gram positive) and, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (Gram negative) [21]
Summary
The period of life in which the epigenetic modifications of DNA are most intense goes from conception to 2 years of age, known as the "period of 1000 days", at this time early nutrition, psychic factors and the environment through epigenetic changes may play a key role in the programming of neonatal fetal development by influencing the susceptibility of the subsequent development of noncommunicable diseases [1]. The microbiota of the individual is determined from this moment on and predominantly during the first year of life, this will largely depend on the way in which birth occurs [2]. The microbiota is defined as the set of microorganisms that coexist with humans, occupying specific niches on the surfaces of the skin and mucosa, in a symbiotic relationship with the host [3]. The total number of microorganisms and their genetic material is defined as the microbiome. This term was coined in 2001 by Joshua Lederberg, an American molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1958 [4].
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