Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased over the past half century and has now become the second most frequent autoimmune disease in childhood and one of major public health concern worldwide. Evidence suggests that modern lifestyles and rapid environmental changes are driving factors that underlie this increase. The integration of these two factors brings about changes in food intake. This, in turn, alters epigenetic regulations of the genome and intestinal microbiota composition, which may ultimately play a role in pathogenesis of T1D. Recent evidence shows that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is closely associated with T1D and that a dietary intervention can influence epigenetic changes associated with this disease and may modify gene expression patterns through epigenetic mechanisms. In this review focus on how a diet can shape the gut microbiome, its effect on the epigenome in T1D, and the future of T1D management by microbiome therapy.
Highlights
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is one of the two major autoimmune disorders in infants and adolescents
Sun and colleagues showed that the production of butyrate as fermented metabolite was associated with the expression of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) in the β-cells of NOD mice [92]
It is conceivable that the ratio of butyrate-producing to other short chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing gut bacteria play a role in Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
Summary
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is one of the two major autoimmune disorders in infants and adolescents. T1D is a chronic endocrine and metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by the autoimmune T cell-mediated damage of pancreatic β-cells [2]. T1D results from the progressive loss of insulin producing β-cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, commonly in genetically predisposed individuals [3]. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in the destruction of beta cells, and insulin therapy becomes mandatory when 80% of the cells are affected [4]. Literature has shown that there are substantial genetic and environmental influences on the onset of type 1 diabetes. Different factors are involved in the development of T1D, including the genome, the gut microbiota and diet [6,7,8]
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