Epidemiological Situation of Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal

Abstract

A human Japanese encephalitis (JE) case is considered to have elevated temperature (over 380 C) along with altered consciousness or unconsciousness and is generally confirmed serologically by finding of specific anti-JE IgM in the cerebro spinal fluid. No specific treatment for JE is available. Only supportive treatment like meticulous nursing care, introduction of Ryle's tube if the patient is unconscious, dextrose solution if dehydration is present, manitol injection in case of raised cranial temperature and diazepam in case of convulsion. Intra venous fluids, indwelling catheter in conscious patient and corticosteroids unless indicated should be avoided. Pigs, wading birds and ducks have been incriminated as important vertebrate amplifying hosts for JE virus due to viremia in them. Man along with bovines, ovines and caprines is involved in transmission cycle as accidental hosts and plays no role in perpetuating the virus due to the lack of viremia in them. The species Cx tritaeniorhyncus is suspected to be the principal vector of JE in Nepal as the species is abundantly found in the rice-field ecosystem of the endemic areas during the transmission season and JE virus isolates have been obtained from a pool of Cx tritaeniorhyncus females. Mosquito vector become infective 14 days after acquiring the JR virus from the viremic host. The disease was first recorded in Nepal in 1978 as an epidemic in Rupandehi district of the Western Development Region (WDR) and Morang of the Eastern Region (EDR). At present the disease is endemic in 24 districts. Although JE as found endemic mainly in tropical climate areas, existence and proliferation of encephalitis causing viruses in temperate and cold climates of hills and valleys are possible. Total of 26,667 cases and 5,381 deaths have been reported with average case fatality rate of 20.2% in an aggregate since 1978. More than 50% of morbidity and 60% mortality occur in the age group below 15 years. Upsurge of cases take place after the rainy season (monsoon). Cases start to appear in the month of April - May and reach its peak during late August to early September and start to decline from October. There are four designated referral laboratories, namely National Public Health Laboratory (Teku), Vector Borne Diseases Research and Training Center (Hetauda), B.P. Koirala Institute of Medical Sciences (Dharan) and JE Laboratory (Nepalgunj), for confirmatory diagnosis of JE. For prevention of JE infection; chemical and biological control of vectors including environmental management at breeding sites are necessary. Segregate pigs from humans habitation. Wear long sleeved clothes and trousers and use repellent and bed net to avoid exposure to mosquitos. For the prevention of the disease in humans, safe and efficacious vaccines are available. Therefore immunize population at risk against JE. Immunize pigs at the surroundings against JE. 225,000 doses of live attenuated SA-14-14.2 JE vaccine were received in donation from Boran Pharmaceuticals, South Korea for the first time in Nepal. Altogether 224,000 children aged between 1 to 15 years were vaccinated in Banke, Bardiya and Kailali districts during 1999. From China also, 2,000,000 doses of inactivated vaccine were received in 2000 and a total of 481,421 children aged between 6m to 10 yrs were protected from JE during 2001/2002. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Livestock Services has vaccinated around 200,000 pigs against JE in terai zone during February 2001.