Epidemiological Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- or AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Screened in Apparently Healthy Chickens in Uganda.

Steven Kakooza,Damien Munyiirwa,Dickson Ndoboli,John Baligwamunsi Kaneene,Paul Ssajjakambwe,Edrine Kayaga,Loreen Basemera,Dickson Stuart Tayebwa,Maria Agnes Tumwebaze,Esther Nabatta,Silvia Bofill Mas

doi:10.1155/2021/3258059

Steven Kakooza, Damien Munyiirwa + Show 9 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3258059

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Abstract

The dynamics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria (which are deadly groups of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria) have not been well understood in developing countries. This raises major concerns to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) control. We investigated the prevalence and factors linked to the fecal carriage of ESBL- or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-/AmpC-EC) in commercial chickens. Cloacal swabs from 400 birds were sampled and submitted to the Central Diagnostic Laboratory for ESBL-/AmpC-EC screening by culture methods using MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime. Epidemiological data were collected using a structured questionnaire and plausible risk factor analyses prepared by R software using X2 test and logistic regression modeling. Results showed that the prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-EC was 17.5%. Univariable screening hypothesized that carriage was probably influenced by a type of commercial chicken, geographical location, age group, flock size, and housing system (p < 0.05). Modeling exposed that broiler birds were at a higher risk of being ESBL-/AmpC-EC carriers (COR = 9.82, CI = 3.85–25.07). Birds from Wakiso Town Council (COR = 4.89, CI = 2.04–11.72) and flocks of 700–1200 birds were also at a higher risk of harboring ESBL-/AmpC-EC (COR = 2.41, CI = 1.11–5.23). Birds aged 4 months and below were more susceptible to ESBL-/AmpC-EC carriage compared with those aged 1 month and below being 6.33 times (CI = 1.65–24.35) likely to be carriers. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC-EC in flocks suggests possible treatment failures while managing colibacillosis. Consequently, injudicious antimicrobial use should be replaced with an accurate diagnosis by bacterial culture and sensitivity testing so as to circumvent AMR emergence, spread, and associated losses.

Highlights

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ancient phenomenon, the burden of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) and AmpC-producing bacteria in animals became significantly higher after the usage of β-lactam antibiotics [1]. e high bacterial exposure to β-lactam antibiotics in poultry farming, usually through feed additives and clinical or prophylactic treatments, leads to the exclusion of sensitive strains but spares the resistantScientifica mutant ones
In addition to some of the popular drug classes such as tetracyclines, quinolones, potentiated sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, and macrolides, worrying reports show the use of highly critical human drugs such as antiretrovirals in poultry production [3]. ere is no clear evidence on the use of certain β-lactam classes such as cephalosporins, carbapenems, carbacephems, and monobactams in poultry. e most commonly used β-lactam class on the market is the penicillins. e majority of the ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria come from members in the Enterobacteriaceae family [4], such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae
ESBL-/AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria have been implicated as a threat in the society, their addition in National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems is still lacking in developing countries, Uganda inclusive

Summary

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ancient phenomenon, the burden of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) and AmpC-producing bacteria in animals ( poultry) became significantly higher after the usage of β-lactam antibiotics [1]. e high bacterial exposure to β-lactam antibiotics in poultry farming, usually through feed additives and clinical or prophylactic treatments, leads to the exclusion of sensitive strains but spares the resistantScientifica mutant ones. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an ancient phenomenon, the burden of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) and AmpC-producing bacteria in animals ( poultry) became significantly higher after the usage of β-lactam antibiotics [1]. In Uganda, reports which expose antimicrobial resistance effects on production and farmers’ livelihoods exist, the increasing prevalence of treatment failures and deaths (mediated by resistant strains). Antimicrobials are readily acquired by many over the counter because regulations to limit access to veterinary drugs are liberal, in that way sponsoring the use of these drugs by poultry farmers indiscriminately in production. In addition to some of the popular drug classes such as tetracyclines (oxytetracyclines), quinolones (enrofloxacin), potentiated sulphonamides (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), aminoglycosides (neomycin and gentamicin), and macrolides (tylosin), worrying reports show the use of highly critical human drugs such as antiretrovirals in poultry production [3]. In addition to some of the popular drug classes such as tetracyclines (oxytetracyclines), quinolones (enrofloxacin), potentiated sulphonamides (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), aminoglycosides (neomycin and gentamicin), and macrolides (tylosin), worrying reports show the use of highly critical human drugs such as antiretrovirals in poultry production [3]. ere is no clear evidence on the use of certain β-lactam classes such as cephalosporins, carbapenems, carbacephems, and monobactams in poultry. e most commonly used β-lactam class on the market is the penicillins (such as ampicillin and amoxicillin). e majority of the ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria come from members in the Enterobacteriaceae family [4], such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae

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