Abstract
Energy constraint hinders the popularization and development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). As an emerging technology equipped with rechargeable batteries, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) are being widely accepted and recognized. In this paper, we research the security issues in WRSNs which need to be addressed urgently. After considering the charging process, the activating anti-malware program process, and the launching malicious attack process in the modeling, the susceptible–infected–anti-malware–low-energy–susceptible (SIALS) model is proposed. Through the method of epidemic dynamics, this paper analyzes the local and global stabilities of the SIALS model. Besides, this paper introduces a five-tuple attack–defense game model to further study the dynamic relationship between malware and WRSNs. By introducing a cost function and constructing a Hamiltonian function, the optimal strategies for malware and WRSNs are obtained based on the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. Furthermore, the simulation results show the validation of the proposed theories and reveal the influence of parameters on the infection. In detail, the Forward–Backward Sweep method is applied to solve the issues of convergence of co-state variables at terminal moment.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the research hotspot worldwide over the last few years [1,2,3]
Through the stability analysis of the model, we proved the local and global stability of disease-free equilibrium point and the epidemic equilibrium point
Based on the confrontational nature of malware and wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs), this paper proposes a five-tuple attack–defense game model
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the research hotspot worldwide over the last few years [1,2,3]. Due to the vulnerability of the sensor nodes and battery capacity limitations, the issues of security [5] and short lifespan [6] of WSNs are urgent to be tackled. Research hotspots on WRSNs mainly focus on solving the problems of both charging scheduling and system performance optimizations [7,8,9] in recent years. Rechargeable sensor nodes suffer from the Denial of Charge (DOC) attacks [10]. Such attacks will cause catastrophic consequence to real-time and pre-warning application fields [11]. For the past few years, some scholars have made contributions to security issues of WRSNs based on the characteristics of information transmission.
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