Abstract
Environmental mycobacteria, which include over 100 Mycobacterium species, are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals, including pigs, fish, and poultry. Environmental mycobacteria cause pulmonary disease, cervical lymphadenitis, skin, disseminated (bacteremic), and nosocomial infections. Because of their hydrophobic, wax- and lipid-rich cell envelope, mycobacteria are found in biofilms, are resistant to a wide variety of disinfectants and antibiotics, and can survive in habitats where they can come in contact with susceptible species. As human populations in the developed world age, and a greater percentage become immunosuppressed, it is likely that the prevalence of environmental mycobacterial infections will continue to increase.
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