Abstract
Abstract Around 35% of the buildings in Europe are over 50 years old and almost 75% of the building stock is energy-inefficient. A European project VEEP is developing an innovative prefabricated concrete element (PCE) system to improve the thermal performance of new buildings (PCE1) and old buildings (PCE2). This study focused on retrofitting of old buildings via over-cladding of the building envelope with PCE2. This study aims to from a building owner/consumer's perspective to explore the life cycle economic performance of the PCE2 system at an early stage and associated cost optimization strategies under the European context. This study tries to answer four questions: 1) whether the use of the PCE2 leads to an economic advantage over a specific life cycle of an existing building. 2) what is the biggest cost stressor in the life cycle of a PCE2? 3) the potential route for further cost optimization. and 4) how would the discount rate affect the life cycle costs, especially when Europe has entered a negative rate age? A typical apartment building in the Netherlands is selected as the case study for dynamic thermal simulation, in which the heating and cooling energy demands before and after refurbishment with PCE2 will be evaluated. By employing environmental life cycle costing (LCC), the life cycle costs over 40 years and associated strategy for cost optimization were investigated. This research not only unveils meaningful financial implications on resource-efficient building energy renovation in Europe but also provides insight on methodological dilemmas within the application of LCC.
Highlights
The building sector is responsible for 36% of CO2 emissions and 40% of energy consumption in the European Union (EU), and almost three-quarters of the buildings in Europe are energy-inefficient [1].Directives at EU level have been enacted for cost-effective renovation of buildings
PCE1 was already presented in the previous study [11], and this study only focuses on the PCE2
The goal of this study is to compare the financial profitability and optimization potentials of manufacturing, and using the BAU PCE2 and VEEP PCE2 as an over-cladding façade of the existing building compared to the original wall of building without any refurbishment
Summary
Directives at EU level have been enacted for cost-effective renovation of buildings. In 2010 the EC enacted the revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2010/31/EU) aiming to optimize the energy efficiency of the EU buildings by the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures [2]. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED, 2012/27/EU) states in Article 4 that Member. As a Member State of the EU, the Netherlands was requested to draw up national energy efficiency plans. In a national accounting system, internal costs can be measured either in market prices: adding all expenditure on products, or by adding all factor costs [18]; the latter are market prices excluding transfers.
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