Environmental levels of atrazine decrease spatial aggregation in the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata

Abstract

The commonly used herbicide atrazine (ATR), may cause estrogen-like alterations and, like other xenoestrogens, may alter behavior. Here effects on animal aggregation were tested in freshwater mussels exposed short-term to ecologically relevant ATR concentrations between 1.5 and 150 μg/L. The aggregation index (AI), the fraction of mussels in the most densely populated tank section, was evaluated and showed higher AI at later times in both 6- and 72-h trials ( p<0.001). After 72 h, there was also less aggregation in estradiol- and mid-ATR-treated animals, 26% and 24% less than control, respectively ( p<0.04). These data suggest that freshwater mussels tend to aggregate, that 72-h exposure to ecologically relevant ATR concentrations decreases aggregation, and that estradiol exposure has a similar effect. Given that bivalve aggregation may be related to reproduction, the results suggest that low concentrations of ATR may have ecological consequences on animal populations in this species.