Environmental Knowledges: A Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Knowledge Bases

Abstract

Parallel qualitative and quantitative investigations were conducted into the use of disposable and reusable cotton nappies (diapers). A qualitative study of the grey literature on the subject revealed strongly-held beliefs that reusable cotton nappies are environmentally superior and the use of disposable nappies creates serious envirommental impacts. These concerns clustered around perceived issues of waste disposal and tree consumption. Of additional concern were possible serious adverse health effects posed by two components of disposable nappies, sodium polyacrylate and trace contaminants of wood pulp. Using a Life Cycle Assessment approach, a detailed account of the manufacture, distribution, use and disposal of disposable nappies was compiled and a mass balance calculated which indicated that although there are environmental impacts, the major impacts are not in the areas of concern indicated by the qualitative phase of the study. The calculations were conservative but not significantly incomplete. The major environmental impact resulting from the use of disposable nappies was the emission of greenhouses gases. This impact represented 0.03% of Australian annual emissions. The contribution of disposable nappies to waste disposal issues was found to be minor. No evidence was found supporting the statements about serious health risks. Greenhouse gas emissions from home launderd cloth nappies were of similar magnitudes to those of disposables.